DRINKING WATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark Drinking water Surface water 90 50 Ground water 10% 50 %(25 infiltr) 99% ypical drinking Humic substances, The same but also High hardness, water characteristics very soft, low high Ca, Fe and Mn high Fe/Mn alkalinity low pH n many waters nitrate, pesticide Typical drinking water HS removal Turbidity and HS- Fe/Mn- removal treatment corrosion control, removal, corrosion disinfection disinfection control, disinfection Dominating drinking HS: Coagulation/- Traditiona Aeration, Fe/Mn water treatment direct filtration, coagulation/flocc./ recipitation methods membrane filtr ,sedim /filtration chlorination Ca/CO2-addition, Ca/CO2-addition Ch| rinatⅰ on or uv Chlorination Water consumption N 250 //capd 150 1/capd150 /capdDRINKING WATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark Drinking water Surface water Ground water 90 % 10 % 50 % 50 % (25 % infiltr.) 1 % 99 % Typical drinking water characteristics Humic substances, very soft, low alkalinity, low pH The same but also high Ca, Fe and Mn in many waters High hardness, high Fe/Mn, nitrate, pesticide Typical drinking water treatment HS removal, corrosion control, disinfection Turbidity and HS￾removal, corrosion control, disinfection Fe/Mn-removal, disinfection Dominating drinking water treatment methods HS:Coagulation/- direct filtration, membrane filtr., Ca/CO2-addition, Chlorination or UV Traditional coagulation/flocc./ sedim./filtration, Ca/CO2-addition, Chlorination Aeration, Fe/Mn￾precipitation, chlorination Water consumption ~ 250 l/cap. d ~ 150 l/cap. d ~ 150 l/cap. d