10. Beside the clause: intonation and rhythm 10.1 Introduction A. Phonology and Phonetics in the stratification oflanguage content semantics ontent: lexicogrammar expression: phonology B. The compositional hierarchy in English sound system tone group foot(rhythm group syllable (-hemisyllable) C. Foot and tone group All natural discourse in spoken English is made up of an unbroken succession of tone groups, and these in turn are made up of rhythm groups of feet Both the foot, and especially, the tone group play an important part in the onstruction of meaning the Such "prosodic patterns are found in every language, although both the patterns hemselves and their semantic load ing may differ significantly from one language to 10.2 Rhythm Natural speech in all language is highly rhythmic; it tends to have a regular beat But it may be rhythmic in different ways, depending on the language or There is a broad division into two kinds of rhythm in language: (i)sy llable rhythm, syllable-timing, and ( ii pedalian rhythm, or foot-timing (commonly called stress-timing ), although some languages fit more into one kind or the other while some languages are more a mixture of the two A. Syllable rhythm( or syllable- timing音节韵律或音节计时) In this type of rhythm, the tempo depends on the syllable(or a sub-sy llabic unit1 10. Beside the clause: intonation and rhythm 10.1 Introduction A. Phonology and Phonetics in the Stratification of Language B. The compositional hierarchy in English sound system tone group foot (rhythm group) syllable (~hemisyllable) phoneme C. Foot and tone group All natural discourse in spoken English is made up of an unbroken succession of tone groups, and these in turn are made up of rhythm groups of “feet”. Both the foot, and especially, the tone group play an important part in the construction of meaning. Such “prosodic” patterns are found in every language, although both the patterns themselves and their semantic loading may differ significantly from one language to another. 10.2 Rhythm Natural speech in all language is highly rhythmic; it tends to have a regular beat. But it may be rhythmic in different ways, depending on the language. There is a broad division into two kinds of rhythm in language: (i) syllable rhythm, or syllable-timing, and (ii) pedalian rhythm, or foot-timing (commonly called stress-timing), although some languages fit more into one kind or the other while some languages are more a mixture of the two. A. Syllable rhythm (or syllable-timing 音节韵律或音节计时) In this type of rhythm, the tempo depends on the syllable (or a sub-syllabic unit