CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 4 ACTION...........................................iv Towards cities fit for children.........................49 FOREWORD Policy and collaboration... ….49 Anthony Lake,Executive Director,UNICEF...............v Participatory urban planning and management. .50 Child-Friendly Cities................................55 CHAPTER 1 Non-discrimination.................................55 Children in an increasingly urban world.................1 Nutrition and hunger................................55 An urban future.....................................2 Health......................................................57 Poverty and exclusion................................3 HIV and AIDS............... ....57 Meeting the challenges of an urban future...............8 Water,sanitation and hygiene... ..58 Education.........................................58 CHAPTER 2 Child protection....................................60 Children's rights in urban settings.....................13 Housing and infrastructure..... An environment for fulfilling children's rights...........14 .60 Urban planning for children's safety .61 Health............................................14 Safe cities for girs..................................61 Child survival......................................14 Immunization......................................17 Safe spaces for play.................................62 Maternal and newborn health ........................18 Social capital......................................62 Breastfeeding..................18 Cultural inclusion. 62 Culture and arts .63 Respiratory illness.......... .22 Road traffic injuries................................. 22 HIV and AIDS ……22 Mental health......................................24 CHAPTER 5 Water,sanitation and hygiene .25 Uniting for children in an urban world.................67 Education........................................28 Understand urban poverty and exclusion...............68 Early childhood development. .28 Remove the barriers to inclusion......................70 Primary education..................................29 Put children first...................................73 Protection.........................................31 Promote partnership with the urban poor..............74 Child trafficking....................................31 Work together to achieve results for children............74 Child labour.......................................32 Towards fairer cities................................75 Children living and working on the streets..............32 PANELS CHAPTER 3 Social determinants of urban health....................4 Urban challenges...................................35 Slums:The five deprivations...........................5 Migrant children..… .35 Definitions........................................10 Economic sh0cks..............。。· .40 Violence and crime.................................42 The Convention on the Rights of the Child..............16 The Millennium Development Goals...................33 Disaster risk.......................................45 Agents,not victims.................................38 Armed conflict and children in urban areas.............42 THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 2012viii THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 CONTENTS Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Foreword Anthony Lake, Executive Director, UNICEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Chapter 1 Children in an increasingly urban world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 An urban future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Poverty and exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Meeting the challenges of an urban future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter 2 Children’s rights in urban settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 An environment for fulfilling children’s rights . . . . . . . . . . 14 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Child survival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Immunization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Maternal and newborn health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Respiratory illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Road traffic injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HIV and AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Mental health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Water, sanitation and hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Early childhood development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Primary education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Child trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Child labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Children living and working on the streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Chapter 3 Urban challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Migrant children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Economic shocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Violence and crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Disaster risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 4 Towards cities fit for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Policy and collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Participatory urban planning and management . . . . . . . . . 50 Child-Friendly Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Non-discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Nutrition and hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 HIV and AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Water, sanitation and hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Child protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Housing and infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Urban planning for children’s safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Safe cities for girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Safe spaces for play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Social capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Cultural inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Culture and arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Chapter 5 Uniting for children in an urban world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Understand urban poverty and exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Remove the barriers to inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Put children first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Promote partnership with the urban poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Work together to achieve results for children . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Towards fairer cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Panels Social determinants of urban health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Slums: The five deprivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The Convention on the Rights of the Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The Millennium Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Agents, not victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Armed conflict and children in urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 42