Smart Cities:Definitions,Dimensions,Performance,and Initiatives 5 stand up and to show the many aspects that are hidden behind a self-declaratory attribution of the label of "smart city"(Hollands,2008). Nam and Pardo(2011)investigated possible meanings of the term "smart"in the smart city context.In particular,in the marketing language,"smartness"is a more user-friendly term than the more elitist term"intelligent,"which is gener- ally limited to having a quick mind and being responsive to feedback.Other interpretations suggest that "smart"contains the term "intelligent,"because the smartness is realized only when an intelligent system adapts itself to the users' needs. Harrison et al.(2010),in an IBM corporate document,stated that the term "smart city"denotes an "instrumented,interconnected and intelligent city." "Instrumented"refers to the capability of capturing and integrating live real- 102 world data through the use of sensors,meters,appliances,personal devices, and other similar sensors."Interconnected"means the integration of these data n3nV into a computing platform that allows the communication of such information among the various city services."Intelligent"refers to the inclusion of complex analytics,modelling,optimization,and visualization services to make better oper- ational decisions (Harrison et al.,2010). 6:1010 In the urban planning field,the term "smart city"is often treated as an ideo- logical dimension according to which being smarter entails strategic directions. Governments and public agencies at all levels are embracing the notion of smart- ness to distinguish their policies and programs for targeting sustainable develop- ment,economic growth,better quality of life for their citizens,and creating happiness(Ballas,2013). Table 1 reports some of the different definitions and meanings given to the concept of"smart city."However,the table clarifies that the smart city concept is no longer limited to the diffusion of ICT,but it looks at people and community needs.Batty et al.(2012)clarified this aspect stressing that the diffusion of ICT in cities has to improve the way every subsystem operates,with the goal of enhan- cing the quality of life. Nam and Pardo(2011)discussed the difference between the concept of the smart city and other related terms,such as digital,intelligent or ubiquitous city, along with the three categories of technology,people,and community.From the 花o P technology perspective,a smart city is a city with a great presence of ICT applied to critical infrastructure components and services (Washburn et al., 2010).ICT permeate into intelligent-acting products and services,artificial intelli- gence,and thinking machines(Klein and Kaefer,2008).Smart homes and smart buildings are examples of systems equipped with a multitude of mobile terminals and embedded devices as well as connected sensors and actuators(Ghaffarian Hoseini et al.,2013).Hancke et al.(2013)provide an overview of the state of the art sensors used for monitoring physical infrastructure in a smart city and discuss a large number of pertained applications.For example,advanced energy sensing enables more accurate metering needed for the development of urban smart energy grids,whereas mobility sensors improve traffic control schemes.Worldwide research is currently focusing on the wireless sensor network node technology,system miniaturization,intelligent wireless technology, communication and heterogeneous network,network planning and deployment, comprehensive perception and information processing,code resolution service, searching,tracking,and information distribution to make a smart city the exten- sion of a smart space to the entire city scale (Liu and Peng,2013).stand up and to show the many aspects that are hidden behind a self-declaratory attribution of the label of “smart city” (Hollands, 2008). Nam and Pardo (2011) investigated possible meanings of the term “smart” in the smart city context. In particular, in the marketing language, “smartness” is a more user-friendly term than the more elitist term “intelligent,” which is gener￾ally limited to having a quick mind and being responsive to feedback. Other interpretations suggest that “smart” contains the term “intelligent,” because the smartness is realized only when an intelligent system adapts itself to the users’ needs. Harrison et al. (2010), in an IBM corporate document, stated that the term “smart city” denotes an “instrumented, interconnected and intelligent city.” “Instrumented” refers to the capability of capturing and integrating live real￾world data through the use of sensors, meters, appliances, personal devices, and other similar sensors. “Interconnected” means the integration of these data into a computing platform that allows the communication of such information among the various city services. “Intelligent” refers to the inclusion of complex analytics, modelling, optimization, and visualization services to make better oper￾ational decisions (Harrison et al., 2010). In the urban planning field, the term “smart city” is often treated as an ideo￾logical dimension according to which being smarter entails strategic directions. Governments and public agencies at all levels are embracing the notion of smart￾ness to distinguish their policies and programs for targeting sustainable develop￾ment, economic growth, better quality of life for their citizens, and creating happiness (Ballas, 2013). Table 1 reports some of the different definitions and meanings given to the concept of “smart city.” However, the table clarifies that the smart city concept is no longer limited to the diffusion of ICT, but it looks at people and community needs. Batty et al. (2012) clarified this aspect stressing that the diffusion of ICT in cities has to improve the way every subsystem operates, with the goal of enhan￾cing the quality of life. Nam and Pardo (2011) discussed the difference between the concept of the smart city and other related terms, such as digital, intelligent or ubiquitous city, along with the three categories of technology, people, and community. From the technology perspective, a smart city is a city with a great presence of ICT applied to critical infrastructure components and services (Washburn et al., 2010). ICT permeate into intelligent-acting products and services, artificial intelli￾gence, and thinking machines (Klein and Kaefer, 2008). Smart homes and smart buildings are examples of systems equipped with a multitude of mobile terminals and embedded devices as well as connected sensors and actuators (Ghaffarian Hoseini et al., 2013). Hancke et al. (2013) provide an overview of the state of the art sensors used for monitoring physical infrastructure in a smart city and discuss a large number of pertained applications. For example, advanced energy sensing enables more accurate metering needed for the development of urban smart energy grids, whereas mobility sensors improve traffic control schemes. Worldwide research is currently focusing on the wireless sensor network node technology, system miniaturization, intelligent wireless technology, communication and heterogeneous network, network planning and deployment, comprehensive perception and information processing, code resolution service, searching, tracking, and information distribution to make a smart city the exten￾sion of a smart space to the entire city scale (Liu and Peng, 2013). Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives 5 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 01:47 22 August 2017