6 Journal of Urban Technology Table 1:Definitions of a smart city Definition Source Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, Bakici et al.(2012) information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable,greener city,competitive and innovative commerce,and an increased life quality. Being a smart city means using all available technology and resources in an Barrionuevo et al. intelligent and coordinated manner to develop urban centers that are at (2012) once integrated,habitable,and sustainable. A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional Caragliu et al.(2011) (transport)and modern (ICT)communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life,with a wise management of natural resources,through participatory governance. 102 Smart cities will take advantage of communications and sensor capabilities Chen(2010) sewn into the cities'infrastructures to optimize electrical,transportation, and other logistical operations supporting daily life,thereby improving 1snany the quality of life for everyone. Two main streams of research ideas:1)smart cities should do everything Cretu(2012) related to governance and economy using new thinking paradigms and 2) smart cities are all about networks of sensors,smart devices,real-time data,and ICT integration in every aspect of human life. Smart community-a community which makes a conscious decision to Eger(2009) aggressively deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs-will undoubtedly focus on building its high-speed broadband infrastructures,but the real opportunity is in rebuilding and renewing a sense of place,and in the process a sense of civic pride.[... Smart communities are not,at their core,exercises in the deployment and use of technology,but in the promotion of economic development,job growth,and an increased quality of life.In other words,technological propagation of smart communities isn't an end in itself,but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society with clear and compelling community benefit. A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow Gartner(2011) between its many different subsystems.This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and commercial services.The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource- 含 efficient and sustainable.The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework designed to make cities sustainable. apeojuM A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy,people, Giffinger et al.(2007） governance,mobility,environment,and living,built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,independent and aware citizens.Smart city generally refers to the search and identification of intelligent solutions which allow modern cities to enhance the quality of the services provided to citizens. A smart city,according to ICLEI,is a city that is prepared to provide Guan(2012) conditions for a healthy and happy community under the challenging conditions that global,environmental,economic and social trends may bring A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical Hall(2000) infrastructures,including roads,bridges,tunnels,rails,subways,airports, seaports,communications,water,power,even major buildings,can better optimize its resources,plan its preventive maintenance activities,and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens. A city connecting the physical infrastructure,the IT infrastructure,the social Harrison et al.(2010) infrastructure,and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. (Continued)Table 1: Definitions of a smart city Definition Source Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality. Bakıcı et al. (2012) Being a smart city means using all available technology and resources in an intelligent and coordinated manner to develop urban centers that are at once integrated, habitable, and sustainable. Barrionuevo et al. (2012) A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. Caragliu et al. (2011) Smart cities will take advantage of communications and sensor capabilities sewn into the cities’ infrastructures to optimize electrical, transportation, and other logistical operations supporting daily life, thereby improving the quality of life for everyone. Chen (2010) Two main streams of research ideas: 1) smart cities should do everything related to governance and economy using new thinking paradigms and 2) smart cities are all about networks of sensors, smart devices, real-time data, and ICT integration in every aspect of human life. Cretu (2012) Smart community – a community which makes a conscious decision to aggressively deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs – will undoubtedly focus on building its high-speed broadband infrastructures, but the real opportunity is in rebuilding and renewing a sense of place, and in the process a sense of civic pride. [ ... ] Smart communities are not, at their core, exercises in the deployment and use of technology, but in the promotion of economic development, job growth, and an increased quality of life. In other words, technological propagation of smart communities isn’t an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society with clear and compelling community benefit. Eger (2009) A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many different subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and commercial services. The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource￾efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework designed to make cities sustainable. Gartner (2011) A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens. Smart city generally refers to the search and identification of intelligent solutions which allow modern cities to enhance the quality of the services provided to citizens. Giffinger et al. (2007) A smart city, according to ICLEI, is a city that is prepared to provide conditions for a healthy and happy community under the challenging conditions that global, environmental, economic and social trends may bring. Guan (2012) A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens. Hall (2000) A city connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. Harrison et al. (2010) (Continued) 6 Journal of Urban Technology Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 01:47 22 August 2017