Smart Cities:Definitions,Dimensions,Performance,and Initiatives 7 Table 1:Continued Definition Source (Smart)cities as territories with high capacity for learning and innovation, Komninos(2011) which is built-in the creativity of their population,their institutions of knowledge creation,and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management. Smart cities are the result of knowledge-intensive and creative strategies Kourtit and Nijkamp aiming at enhancing the socio-economic,ecological,logistic and (2012) competitive performance of cities.Such smart cities are based on a promising mix of human capital (e.g.skilled labor force),infrastructural capital (e.g.high-tech communication facilities),social capital (e.g.intense and open network linkages)and entrepreneurial capital (e.g.creative and risk-taking business activities). Smart cities have high productivity as they have a relatively high share of Kourtit et al.(2012) 102 highly educated people,knowledge-intensive jobs,output-oriented planning systems,creative activities and sustainability-oriented 1snanv initiatives. Smart city [refers to]a local entity-a district,city,region or small country IDA(2012) -which takes a holistic approach to employ[ing]information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages sustainable economic development. A community of average technology size,interconnected and sustainable, Lazaroiu and Roscia comfortable,attractive and secure. (2012) The application of information and communications technology(ICT)with Lombardi et al.(2012) their effects on human capital/education,social and relational capital,and environmental issues is often indicated by the notion of smart city. A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve Nam and Pardo(2011) conveniences,facilitate mobility,add efficiencies,conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water,identify problems and fix them quickly,recover rapidly from disasters,collect data to make better decisions,deploy resources effectively,and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains. Creative or smart city experiments[...aimed at nurturing a creative Thite (2011) economy through investment in quality of life which in turn attracts knowledge workers to live and work in smart cities.The nexus of competitive advantage has[...shifted to those regions that can generate, 召 retain,and attract the best talent. Smart cities of the future will need sustainable urban development policies Thuzar (2011) apeojuM where all residents,including the poor,can live well and the attraction of the towns and cities is preserved.[...Smart cities are cities that have a high quality of life;those that pursue sustainable economic development through investments in human and social capital,and traditional and modern communications infrastructure (transport and information communication technology);and manage natural resources through participatory policies.Smart cities should also be sustainable,converging economic,social,and environmental goals. A smart city is understood as a certain intellectual ability that addresses Zygiaris(2013) several innovative socio-technical and socio-economic aspects of growth. These aspects lead to smart city conceptions as"green"referring to urban infrastructure for environment protection and reduction of CO2 emission, "interconnected"related to revolution of broadband economy, "intelligent"declaring the capacity to produce added value information from the processing of city's real-time data from sensors and activators, whereas the terms "innovating","knowledge"cities interchangeably refer to the city's ability to raise innovation based on knowledgeable and creative human capital. (Continued)Table 1: Continued Definition Source (Smart) cities as territories with high capacity for learning and innovation, which is built-in the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledge creation, and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management. Komninos (2011) Smart cities are the result of knowledge-intensive and creative strategies aiming at enhancing the socio-economic, ecological, logistic and competitive performance of cities. Such smart cities are based on a promising mix of human capital (e.g. skilled labor force), infrastructural capital (e.g. high-tech communication facilities), social capital (e.g. intense and open network linkages) and entrepreneurial capital (e.g. creative and risk-taking business activities). Kourtit and Nijkamp (2012) Smart cities have high productivity as they have a relatively high share of highly educated people, knowledge-intensive jobs, output-oriented planning systems, creative activities and sustainability-oriented initiatives. Kourtit et al. (2012) Smart city [refers to] a local entity - a district, city, region or small country -which takes a holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages sustainable economic development. IDA (2012) A community of average technology size, interconnected and sustainable, comfortable, attractive and secure. Lazaroiu and Roscia (2012) The application of information and communications technology (ICT) with their effects on human capital/education, social and relational capital, and environmental issues is often indicated by the notion of smart city. Lombardi et al. (2012) A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains. Nam and Pardo (2011) Creative or smart city experiments [ ... ] aimed at nurturing a creative economy through investment in quality of life which in turn attracts knowledge workers to live and work in smart cities. The nexus of competitive advantage has [ ... ] shifted to those regions that can generate, retain, and attract the best talent. Thite (2011) Smart cities of the future will need sustainable urban development policies where all residents, including the poor, can live well and the attraction of the towns and cities is preserved. [ ... ] Smart cities are cities that have a high quality of life; those that pursue sustainable economic development through investments in human and social capital, and traditional and modern communications infrastructure (transport and information communication technology); and manage natural resources through participatory policies. Smart cities should also be sustainable, converging economic, social, and environmental goals. Thuzar (2011) A smart city is understood as a certain intellectual ability that addresses several innovative socio-technical and socio-economic aspects of growth. These aspects lead to smart city conceptions as “green” referring to urban infrastructure for environment protection and reduction of CO2 emission, “interconnected” related to revolution of broadband economy, “intelligent” declaring the capacity to produce added value information from the processing of city’s real-time data from sensors and activators, whereas the terms “innovating”, “knowledge” cities interchangeably refer to the city’s ability to raise innovation based on knowledgeable and creative human capital. Zygiaris (2013) (Continued) Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives 7 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 01:47 22 August 2017