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［22］Adamantidis AＲ，Zhang F，Aravanis AM，et al． Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons［J］． Nature，2007，450( 7168) : 420 － 424 ［23］Lee JH，Durand Ｒ，Gradinaru V，et al． Global and local fMＲI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring［J］． Nature，2010，465( 7299) : 788 － 792 ［24］Tsai HC，Zhang F，Adamantidis A，et al． Phasic firing in dopaminergic neurons is sufficient for behavioral conditioning［J］． Science，2009，324( 5930) : 1080 － 1084 ［25］Lobo MK，Covington HE，3rd，Chaudhury D，et al． Cell type － specific loss of BDNF signaling mimics optogenetic control of cocaine reward［J］． Science，2010，330( 6002) : 385 － 390 ［26］Lammel S，Lim BK，Ｒan C，et al． Input － specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area［J］． Nature， 2012，491( 7423) : 212 － 217 ［27］Xia Y，Driscoll JＲ，Wilbrecht L，et al． Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons target non － dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area［J］． J Neurosci，2011，31( 21) : 7811 － 7816 ［28］Tan KＲ，Yvon C，Turiault M，et al． GABA neurons of the VTA drive conditioned place aversion［J］． Neuron，2012，73( 6) : 1173 － 1183 ［29］Tecuapetla F，Patel JC，Xenias H，et al． Glutamatergic signaling by mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens［J］． J Neurosci，2010，30( 20) : 7105 － 7110 ［30］Koos T，Tecuapetla F，Tepper JM，Glutamatergic signaling by midbrain dopaminergic neurons: recent insights from optogenetic， molecular and behavioral studies［J］． Curr Opin Neurobiol，2011，21( 3) : 393 － 401 ［31］Witten IB，Lin SC，Brodsky M，et al． Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning［J］． Science，2010，330( 6011) : 1677 － 1681 ［32］Vincent Ｒ，Klyatskaya S，Ｒuben M，et al． Electronic read － out of a single nuclear spin using a molecular spin transistor［J］． Nature，2012，488( 7411) : 357 － 360 ［33］Cohen JY，Haesler S，Vong L，et al． Neuron － type － specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area［J］． Nature，2012，482( 7383) : 85 － 88 ［34］Haubensak W，Kunwar PS，Cai H，et al． Genetic dissection of an amygdala microcircuit that gates conditioned fear［J］． Nature，2010，468( 7321) : 270 － 276 ［35］Liu X，Ｒamirez S，Pang PT，et al． Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall［J］． Nature， 2012，484( 7394) : 381 － 385 ［36］Goshen I，Brodsky M，Prakash Ｒ，et al． Dynamics of retrieval strategies for remote memories［J］． Cell，2011，147( 3) : 678 － 689 ［37］Ｒolls A，Colas D，Adamantidis A，et al． Optogenetic disruption of sleep continuity impairs memory consolidation［J］． Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A，2011，108( 32) : 13305 － 13310 ［38］Tye KM，Prakash Ｒ，Kim SY，et al． Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety［J］． Nature， 2011，471( 7338) : 358 － 362 ［39］Gradinaru V，Mogri M，Thompson KＲ，et al． Optical deconstruction of parkinsonian neural circuitry［J］． Science，2009，324 ( 5925) : 354 － 359 ［40］Covington HE，3rd，Lobo MK，Maze I，et al． Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex［J］． J Neurosci，2010，30( 48) : 16082 － 16090 ［41］ Chaudhury D，Walsh JJ，Friedman AK，et al． Ｒapid regulation of depression － related behaviours by control of midbrain dopamine neurons［J］． Nature，2013，493( 7433) : 532 － 536 ［42］Yizhar O，Fenno LE，Prigge M，et al． Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction［J］． Nature，2011，477( 7363) : 171 － 178 ［43］English DF，Ibanez － Sandoval O，Stark E，et al． GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement － related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons［J］． Nat Neurosci，2012，15( 1) : 123 － 130 ［44］Gourine AV，Kasymov V，Marina N，et al． Astrocytes control breathing through pH － dependent release of ATP［J］． Science， 2010，329( 5991) : 571 － 575 收稿日期: 2013 － 08 － 20 修回日期: 2013 － 09 － 28 中国药物依赖性杂志( Chin J Drug Depend) 2014，23( 2) : 81 － 85 ·85·