Manchu Foreign Policy Tribute System: Theoretical basis, " culturalsim the exchange of wealth one to another, a form of loyalty and allegiance, to control foreign relations, to provide trading rights- Chinese developed a superiority belief Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of Kotow'? What is the performance of"Kowtow"? CSiaa(bua)vs barbarians; center vs periphery Until the early nineteenth century, the attention of c foreign policy was paid only on the inner frontier regionsManchu Foreign Policy  Tribute System: Theoretical basis, “culturalsim”  the exchange of wealth one to another, a form of loyalty and allegiance, to control foreign relations, to provide trading rights – Chinese developed a superiority belief  Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of “Kotow”? What is the performance of “Kowtow”?  China (hua) vs. barbarians ; center vs. periphery  Until the early nineteenth century, the attention of “foreign policy” was paid only on the inner frontier regions