The Canton System
The Canton System
Ming Chinas contacts with the Ming chinas MANCHUS MONGOLIA JAPAN contacts with the outside world sAlta KHALKHA KHANATE O 1368-1644 ZBEKs Tian Shan AANX TORGUT Ryukyu ANGUTS Altun Shan Three zones Kunlun Shan Tibetan Plateau Sinitic zone(Korea letham, Ryukyu, Himalayas brahma and japan GUANGXI MUGHAL EMPIRE ANNAM Inner Asia zone BURMA SOUTH (ethnical INDIA ly and culturally non- Pequ SIAM Chinese Outer zone(wary outheast asia EYLON south asia and Europe INDIAN OCEAN Ming empire at its greatest extent Ming campaigns against the Mongols main route of Zheng He's merial capital -Japanese raids voyages n Ming Wall cial capita Portuguese trading contacts
Ming China’s contacts with the outside world 1368-1644 Three Zones Sinitic zone (Korea, Vietnam, Ryukyu, and Japan) Inner Asia zone (ethnically and culturally nonChinese) Outer zone (waiyi) Southeast Asia, south Asia, and Europe
Qing Territorial expansion 1644-1911 ke Balkhash Kangxi(r.166241722) 95y9 1755-57 MANCHURIA Yongzheng against DZUNGARS OUTER MONGOLIA Khalkha)1697 Khorchin hgar· AKesu Qianlong (r. 1736-95 TARIM BASIN OLiA Capital 1625-44 farrand EASTERN TURKESTAI Patronized the chinese 1781-4slim) risings literati and won over the Tribal rising 1807 TIBET Chinese gentry Tibet Protectorate 1746-49 SICHVAN Racial purity: ban on BRITISH ASSAM Intermarriage INDIA 17th century: expeditions BURMA and expansion- Tibet TONKIN SIAM LAOS Mongolia, Chinese urkestan. laiwan Manchu expansion by 1644 1658 date of incorporation in empire lain area of Taiping occupation 185 today's territory
Qing Territorial Expansion 1644-1911 Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) Yongzheng Qianlong (r. 1736-95) Patronized the Chinese literati and won over the Chinese gentry Racial purity: ban on intermarriage 17th century: expeditions and expansion – Tibet Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, Taiwan – today’s territory
Manchu Foreign Policy Tribute System: Theoretical basis, " culturalsim the exchange of wealth one to another, a form of loyalty and allegiance, to control foreign relations, to provide trading rights- Chinese developed a superiority belief Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of Kotow'? What is the performance of"Kowtow"? CSiaa(bua)vs barbarians; center vs periphery Until the early nineteenth century, the attention of c foreign policy was paid only on the inner frontier regions
Manchu Foreign Policy Tribute System: Theoretical basis, “culturalsim” the exchange of wealth one to another, a form of loyalty and allegiance, to control foreign relations, to provide trading rights – Chinese developed a superiority belief Tribute as ritual: different cultural understanding of “Kotow”? What is the performance of “Kowtow”? China (hua) vs. barbarians ; center vs. periphery Until the early nineteenth century, the attention of “foreign policy” was paid only on the inner frontier regions
Maritime Trade Portuguese and the trade at south Chinese ports in the 16th century(Settlement 1557); Dutch in the 17th century, and the English in the 18th century(British East India Company), and others. H.B. Morse(The Chronicles, 1634 Britain's first attempt, 1699 London, 1760-1834 Regulated - the Canton System The Canton Trade(the only city in which Europeans were Allowed to trade between 1760-1840) Co-hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1759-Hongs, licensed Chinese monopolists Lucrative trading: the demand for tea in 18th-century Britain (5 chests in 1684-400,000 pounds by 1720-23 million pounds in1800 the flow of silver into china: rose from 3 million ounces of sliver per year in the 1760s to 16 million in the 1780s
Maritime Trade Portuguese and the trade at south Chinese ports in the 16th century (Settlement 1557); Dutch in the 17th century, and the English in the 18th century (British East India Company), and others. H. B. Morse (The Chronicles), 1634 Britain’s first attempt, 1699 “London”, 1760-1834 Regulated – the Canton System. The Canton Trade (the only city in which Europeans were allowed to trade between 1760-1840) Co-hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1759– Hongs, “licensed Chinese monopolists” Lucrative trading: the demand for tea in 18th -century Britain (5 chests in 1684 – 400,000 pounds by 1720 – 23 million pounds in 1800) the flow of silver into China: rose from 3 million ounces of sliver per year in the 1760s to 16 million in the 1780s
Canton tea warehouse. Watercolor on paper. C 1790 Artist unknown
Canton tea warehouse. Watercolor on paper.C.1790. Artist unknown
Canton Trade
Canton Trade
Canton Trade The conditions: not allowed to enter the city, to recede to macao during off-season, not to hire Chinese servants, communications through Chinese hong merchants(no direct lawsuit), women not allowed to stay in Canton Co-hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1720-Hongs, security merchants" and licensed Chinese monopolists"(after 1760s) Trading and travel accounts Forbes, Hunter, etc Trading route(Macao, Whampoa Island From Macao to Canton, river patrols, pilots, linguists (interpreters Seasonal trade(monsoon, off-season
Canton Trade The “conditions”: not allowed to enter the city, to recede to Macao during off-season, not to hire Chinese servants, communications through Chinese hong merchants (no direct lawsuit), women not allowed to stay in Canton Co-hong, the Chinese official merchant guild in Guangzhou after 1720– Hongs, “security merchants” and “licensed Chinese monopolists” (after 1760s) Trading and travel accounts: Forbes, Hunter, etc. Trading route (Macao, Whampoa Island) From Macao to Canton, river patrols, pilots, linguists (interpreters) Seasonal trade (monsoon, off-season)
Macartney mission to China a British wanted to create a market for their goods in China, and also wanted China to abandon the tributary system( commercial treaties and published tariffs, multi-ports Macartney mission to China: in 1793, Lord george macartney was sent as an envoy to Qianlong emperor a 84 people, 600 cases(scientific instruments, carpets, woollens, knives, plate glass and other gifts to attract Chinese interest in British manufactured goods refused to perform kowtow Diplomatic failure, yet obtain information(no interest in material growth, ill-prepared for war, soldiers used bows and arrows) Qianlong saw no real trade. We possess all things, in a letter to the king of english, I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures
Macartney Mission to China British wanted to create a market for their goods in China, and also wanted China to abandon the tributary system (commercial treaties and published tariffs, multi-ports) Macartney Mission to China: in 1793, Lord George Macartney was sent as an envoy to Qianlong Emperor. 84 people, 600 cases (scientific instruments, carpets, woollens, knives, plate glass and other gifts to attract Chinese interest in British manufactured goods); refused to perform kowtow Diplomatic failure, yet obtain information (no interest in material growth, ill-prepared for war, soldiers used bows and arrows) Qianlong saw no real trade. “We possess all things,” in a letter to the king of English, “I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures
Understanding the Canton System Fairbank, pp. 46-51, discussion What's the background of "Canton System?? 1) Western Commerce in China in four periods, particularly, 3 and [4] 2) Evolution of"Canton System?": How many different parties joining in this system? Who were they? 3) What was the role of Chinese merchants? Who were they How did they usually perform in the trading system 4) What does Cohong mean? How did the trading system instituted based on this organization? 5) How did foreigners live in Canton? How did they participate the trading activities?
Understanding the Canton System Fairbank, pp. 46-51, discussion: What’s the background of “Canton System”? 1) Western Commerce in China in four periods, particularly, [3] and [4]. 2) Evolution of “Canton System”: How many different parties joining in this system? Who were they? 3) What was the role of Chinese merchants? Who were they? How did they usually perform in the trading system? 4) What does Cohong mean? How did the trading system instituted based on this organization? 5) How did foreigners live in Canton? How did they participate the trading activities?
