Political and Institutional reforms 1901-1911
Political and Institutional Reforms 1901-1911
In the early 1900s a Collapse of the reform Movement of 1898, and Boxer Uprising of 1898-1900. The allied forces seized Peking on 14 August 1900 a Empress dowager Cixi and the guangxu emperor evacuated the capital and fled to Xi'an On 29 Jan 1901, Emperor's edict the method of the government should be changed in accordance with the times what were the problems China facing to The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations a The government officials exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality
In the early 1900s… Collapse of the Reform Movement of 1898, and Boxer Uprising of 1898-1900. The allied forces seized Peking on 14 August 1900. Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor evacuated the capital and fled to Xi’an. On 29 Jan 1901, Emperor’s edict “the method of the government should be changed in accordance with the times.”-- what were the problems China facing to? “The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations…. The government officials exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality
Reform plans A memorial by liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong in 1901 to adopt Western methods a To dispatch of travelers abroad(Empress Dowager sent two missions in 1905) a Military drill and supply Agriculture(translations from Japan) and industry a Transportation laws and commercial laws Silver dollar, stamp tax, postal administration, and the official collection of opium duties More translations of japanese and Western books
Reform Plans A memorial by Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong in 1901, to adopt Western methods: To dispatch of travelers abroad (Empress Dowager sent two missions in 1905) Military drill and supply Agriculture (translations from Japan) and industry Transportation laws and commercial laws Silver dollar, stamp tax, postal administration, and the official collection of opium duties More translations of Japanese and Western books
Educational reforms abolition of the age-old civil service examination system( 1904, in 1901 abolition of the eight-legged essays, provincial examinations on Western politics and scholarship To convert the academies into Western style schools Modern and semi-modern educational institutions,oa regulations modeled on the Japanese example in 1904 a gradually to decrease the number of old, to eventually abolish the examinations after a sufficient number of new schools To study abroad was encouraged, esp to Japan
Educational Reforms Abolition of the age-old civil service examination system (1904, in 1901 abolition of the eight-legged essays, provincial examinations on Western politics and scholarship). To convert the academies into Western style schools. Modern and semi-modern educational institutions, regulations modeled on the Japanese example in 1904. Gradually to decrease the number of “old,” to eventually abolish the examinations after a sufficient number of new schools To study abroad was encouraged, esp. to Japan
It is a process under change Effects of these reforms? Numbers of schools and students vS real changes, e.g. curriculums and teachers Motivation on the students' side? Still government office -to accept their graduates from the new schools Gentry-literati's attitude? What did the abolition of examinations mean to them? New schools and Classics, ceremony of Confucian worship, moral education To teach the official spoken language(Mandarin) Women were not allowed to receive the new education
It is a process under change… Effects of these reforms? Numbers of schools and students vs. real changes, e.g. curriculums and teachers Motivation on the students’ side? Still government office – to accept their graduates from the new schools Gentry-literati’s attitude? What did the abolition of examinations mean to them? New schools and Classics, ceremony of Confucian worship, moral education To teach the official spoken language (Mandarin) Women were not allowed to receive the new education
Influence through Translation Previous projects of translating Western books In 1896, Liang Qichao was calling Chinas translation effort too slow, and urging the use of Japanese translations a 1900, Chinese students in Japan -translating and publishing organization a The turn to Japan: Chinese interest in outside literature shifting from? to From 1902-1904. almost half of the translation were concerned with history and institutions 1880-1940, more than 2000 Japanese books were translated into Chinese(modern Chinese vocabulary
Influence through Translation Previous projects of translating Western books In 1896, Liang Qichao was calling China’s translation effort too slow, and urging the use of Japanese translations. 1900, Chinese students in Japan – translating and publishing organization The turn to Japan: Chinese interest in outside literature shifting from ? to ? From 1902-1904, almost half of the translation were concerned with history and institutions. 1880-1940, more than 2000 Japanese books were translated into Chinese (modern Chinese vocabulary)
Revolutionists vs. Constional monarchists Among those whose response to the West, two groups revolutionists Sun Yat-sen), anti-Manchu groups whose main base was among the Chinese students in Japan Constitutional monarchists - the reform program of the government in the 1900s was designed to make amends for Its previous conservatism
Revolutionists vs. Constional Monarchists Among those whose response to the West, two groups: revolutionists (Sun Yat-sen), anti-Manchu groups whose main base was among the Chinese students in Japan. Constitutional monarchists – the reform program of the government in the 1900s was designed to make amends for its previous conservatism
Constitutionalism After educational and Institutional reform. and russian- Japanese war(1905), further to consider constitutionalism To show her seriousness of her interest in governmental reform, Empress Dowager sent two official missions to Japan, Europe, and America in 1905 to investigate constitutional governments Reports, and every member recommended constitutionalism: far from injuring the authority of the imperial household, would actually be the best means to maintain it 1908, to begin preparation for constitutionalism, a series of reforms, a schedule, and the "Principles of the Constitution (apanese constitution in the Meji era)
Constitutionalism After Educational and Institutional Reform, and RussianJapanese war (1905), further to consider constitutionalism. To show her seriousness of her interest in governmental reform, Empress Dowager sent two official missions to Japan, Europe, and America in 1905 to investigate constitutional governments Reports, and every member recommended constitutionalism: far from injuring the authority of the imperial household, would actually be the best means to maintain it. 1908, to begin preparation for constitutionalism, a series of reforms, a schedule, and the “Principles of the Constitution” (Japanese constitution in the Meji era)
From 1908-in the gth year 1916, the constitution would be promulgated first elections for the parliament would take place. The Provincial. the National and the local self-Government Assemblies(the relationship with the provincial governor) The schedule was interrupted by the fall of Empire In the"principles, the power of the Qing emperor was to be even greater than that of the Japanese emperor. sovereigns approval,"the judicial power belonged to the sovereign a What were the aims of the Manchu court? Defending the Qing government from the attacks of both Chinese and foreigners to preserve the Qing dynasty' -local governor's cooperation; or, their power would vanish
From 1908- in the 9th year 1916, the constitution would be promulgated – first elections for the parliament would take place. The Provincial, the National, and the Local Self-Government Assemblies (the relationship with the provincial governor). The schedule was interrupted by the fall of Empire. In the “Principles,” the power of the Qing emperor was to be even greater than that of the Japanese emperor. (“sovereign’s approval”, “the judicial power belonged to the sovereign”) What were the aims of the Manchu court? Defending the Qing government from the attacks of both Chinese and foreigners. “to preserve the Qing dynasty”- local governor’s cooperation; or , their power would vanish
