Outlines requirements and time allocation Sie changes Stricture: 15 Inflammation eg.Severe Oesophagitis Severe and long-standing inflammation it can cause scarring and narrowing (a stricture)of the lower oesophagus.This is uncommon. Tumor eg.Esophageal Carcinoma Dysphagia(difficulty swallowing)and odynophagia(painful swallowing) are the most common symptoms of esophageal carcinoma.Dysphagia is the first symptom in most patients.Odynophagia may also be present. Fluids and soft foods are usually tolerated,while hard or bulky substances (such as bread or meat)cause much more difficulty .Compression eg.Esophagus compressed by Left atrial enlargement Congenital disease eg.Congenital esophageal stenosis is thought to be a rare developmental anomaly,occurring in only one of 25.000-50.000 live births.It has been postulated that this condition results from abnormal embryologic development-defective canalization of the esophagus caused by intrauterine anoxia. .Adherence eg.Abdominal adhesions(or intra-abdominal adhesions ~are most commonly caused by abdominal surgical procedures.The adhesions start to form within hours after surgery and may cause intemal organs to attach to the surgical site or to other organs in the abdominal cavity. Spasm eg.Stomach spasms ~are uncontrollable muscular movements in the abdominal area.They may be sudden and painful.Stomach spasms can cause stomach stricture. Expansion:can caused by obstruction2 Outlines, requirements and time allocation Size changes Stricture: • Inflammation eg. Severe Oesophagitis Severe and long-standing inflammation it can cause scarring and narrowing (a stricture) of the lower oesophagus. This is uncommon. • Tumor eg. Esophageal Carcinoma Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and odynophagia (painful swallowing) are the most common symptoms of esophageal carcinoma. Dysphagia is the first symptom in most patients. Odynophagia may also be present. Fluids and soft foods are usually tolerated, while hard or bulky substances (such as bread or meat) cause much more difficulty. • Compression eg. Esophagus compressed by Left atrial enlargement • Congenital disease eg. Congenital esophageal stenosis ~ is thought to be a rare developmental anomaly, occurring in only one of 25,000-50,000 live births. It has been postulated that this condition results from abnormal embryologic development—defective canalization of the esophagus caused by intrauterine anoxia. • Adherence eg. Abdominal adhesions (or intra-abdominal adhesions) ~ are most commonly caused by abdominal surgical procedures. The adhesions start to form within hours after surgery and may cause internal organs to attach to the surgical site or to other organs in the abdominal cavity. • Spasm eg. Stomach spasms ~ are uncontrollable muscular movements in the abdominal area. They may be sudden and painful. Stomach spasms can cause stomach stricture. Expansion: can caused by obstruction 15’ 5’