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王昆等:尾矿库溃坝灾害防控现状及发展 ·535· (6283):288 3结论 [5]Wang HJ,Xue Y Z,Lei PX,et al.The Report of Mineral Re- 我国尾矿库数量庞大,“头顶库”安全问题棘 sources Saring&Comprehensive Utilization in China (2016).Bei- 手.在“十三五”国民经济稳速发展、矿产资源需求 jing:Geological Publishing House,2016 (王海军,薛亚洲,雷平喜,等.全国矿产资源节约与综合利 总量维持高位、传统矿业绿色转型的大背景下,尾矿 用报告(2016).北京:地质出版社,2016) 库溃坝灾害防控的研究对于促进防灾减灾理论研究 [6]Ministry of Environmental Protection of People's Republic of Chi- 与技术革新、保障矿山安全生产、实现资源绿色开 na.The 2016 Annual Report of Large and Medium Urban Solid 采、维持社会和谐稳定具有重要意义.本文梳理总 Waste Prevention and Control in China.Beijing:Ministry of Envi- ronmental Protection of People's Republic of China,2016 结了安全监测、预警方法与应急准备、安全管理方法 (中华人民共和国环境保护部.2016年全国大、中城市固体废 与标准法规这三方面的国内外现状及前沿进展,分 物污染环境防治年报.北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部, 析得出如下结论: 2016) (1)尾矿库安全监测在我国得到高度重视,但 [7]Kossoff D,Dubbin W E,Alfredsson M,et al.Mine tailings 监测仪器精度低、效果差、缺乏维护等问题普遍.需 dams:characteristics,failure,environmental impacts,and reme- 针对尾矿库复杂岩土特征及较大变形监测需求,研 diation.Appl Geochem,2014,51:229 [8]Azam S,Li Q R.Tailings dam failures:a review of the last one 发高稳定性、高可靠度、高耐久性的专用监测器件, hundred years.Geotech Ners,2010,28(4):50 并交叉融合新兴技术丰富监测手段.同时还需提高 [9]ICOLD,UNEP.Tailings Dams Risk of Dangerous Occurrences, 监测系统的实用性与经济性,从而调动矿山企业建 Lessons Learnt From Practical Experiences Bulletin 121).France: 设维护的积极性.此外,中小型尾矿库的安全监测 International Commission on Large Dams,2001 同样不容忽视 [10]Bowker L N,Chambers D M.The risk,public liability,eco- nomics of tailings storage facility failures EB/OL].Earthicork (2)当前监测数据处理方法过于单一,灾害预 Action (2015-07-21 2017-10-19 ]https://earthworks. 警方法在准确率、可靠度等方面存在不足.而大数 org/cms/assets/uploads/archive/files/pubs-others/BowkerCham- 据、人工智能等理论方法应用于数据分析预测及灾 bers-Risk PublicLiability EconomicsOfTailingsStorageFacility% 害预警,成为安全管理信息化发展的必然趋势 20Failures-23Jul15.pdf (3)溃坝灾害应急准备及预警决策制定需经过 [11]WISE Uranium Project.Chronology of major tailings dam failures 充分科学论证.在国内学者大量研究的基础上,需 (fom1960)[EB/0L].(2017-07-08)[2017-10-19].ht- 进一步完善计算方法、提高模型精准度与真实度. tp://www.wise-uranium.org/mdaf.html [12]Fundao Tailings Dam Review Panel.Report on the immediate 同时,规范完善各涉灾主体与政府部门、救援队伍的 causes of the failure of the Fundao Dam EB/OL].The Fundao 应急联动机制,对于灾害应急的及时启动与有序开 Tailings Dam Inrestigation (2016-08-25)[2017-10-19].ht- 展同样至关重要. tp://fundaoinvestigation.com/the-panel-report (4)我国在安全管理方面拥有完善的国家及地 [13]Byme P,Hudson-Edwards K,Macklin M,et al.The long-term 方标准规范体系,监管部门协同矿山企业开展了大 environmental impacts of the Mount Polley mine tailings spill / 量工作.但相比于国外,在安全等别划分、全生命周 EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.British Columbia, 2015 期管理、主体变更等方面仍存在不足.此外还需进 [14]Mei G D.Quantitative assessment method study based on weak- 一步树立事故原因分析与教训总结的正确导向,加 ness theory of dam failure risks in tailings dam.Procedia Eng, 强灾害防控基础知识的普及宣传. 2011,26:1827 [15]Li C H,Bu L,Chen LG.Research situation of the disaster-cau- 参考文献 sing mechanism of tailing dams and its developing trend.Chin [1]Cai S J,Yang P.Tailings problems and tailings utilization and Eng,2016,38(8):1039 treatments in the metal mines.Eng Sci,2000,2(4):89 (李长洪,卜磊,陈龙根.尾矿坝致灾机理研究现状及发展 (蔡嗣经,杨鹏.金属矿山尾矿问题及其综合利用与治理.中 态势.工程科学学报,2016,38(8):1039) 国工程科学,2000,2(4):89) [16]Li Q M,Zhang H,Li G.Comparative analysis on safety manage- [2]Lottermoser B G.Mine Wastes:Characterization,Treatment and ment of tailings ponds in China and Canada.China Min Mag. Enrironmental Impacts.3rd Ed.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer, 2017,26(1):21 2010 (李全明,张红,李钢.中国与加拿大尾矿库安全管理对比 [3]Hudson-Edwards K A,Jamieson H E,Lottermoser B G.Mine 分析.中国矿业,2017,26(1):21) wastes:past,present,future.Elements,2011,7(6):375 [17]State Administration of Work Safety.Notifications on issuing the [4]Hudson-Edwards K.Tackling mine wastes.Sci,2016,352 "work plan for the prevention and control of the Overhead Tail-王 昆等: 尾矿库溃坝灾害防控现状及发展 3 结论 我国尾矿库数量庞大,“头顶库冶 安全问题棘 手. 在“十三五冶国民经济稳速发展、矿产资源需求 总量维持高位、传统矿业绿色转型的大背景下,尾矿 库溃坝灾害防控的研究对于促进防灾减灾理论研究 与技术革新、保障矿山安全生产、实现资源绿色开 采、维持社会和谐稳定具有重要意义. 本文梳理总 结了安全监测、预警方法与应急准备、安全管理方法 与标准法规这三方面的国内外现状及前沿进展,分 析得出如下结论: (1)尾矿库安全监测在我国得到高度重视,但 监测仪器精度低、效果差、缺乏维护等问题普遍. 需 针对尾矿库复杂岩土特征及较大变形监测需求,研 发高稳定性、高可靠度、高耐久性的专用监测器件, 并交叉融合新兴技术丰富监测手段. 同时还需提高 监测系统的实用性与经济性,从而调动矿山企业建 设维护的积极性. 此外,中小型尾矿库的安全监测 同样不容忽视. (2)当前监测数据处理方法过于单一,灾害预 警方法在准确率、可靠度等方面存在不足. 而大数 据、人工智能等理论方法应用于数据分析预测及灾 害预警,成为安全管理信息化发展的必然趋势. (3)溃坝灾害应急准备及预警决策制定需经过 充分科学论证. 在国内学者大量研究的基础上,需 进一步完善计算方法、提高模型精准度与真实度. 同时,规范完善各涉灾主体与政府部门、救援队伍的 应急联动机制,对于灾害应急的及时启动与有序开 展同样至关重要. (4)我国在安全管理方面拥有完善的国家及地 方标准规范体系,监管部门协同矿山企业开展了大 量工作. 但相比于国外,在安全等别划分、全生命周 期管理、主体变更等方面仍存在不足. 此外还需进 一步树立事故原因分析与教训总结的正确导向,加 强灾害防控基础知识的普及宣传. 参 考 文 献 [1] Cai S J, Yang P. Tailings problems and tailings utilization and treatments in the metal mines. Eng Sci, 2000, 2(4): 89 (蔡嗣经, 杨鹏. 金属矿山尾矿问题及其综合利用与治理. 中 国工程科学, 2000, 2(4): 89) [2] Lottermoser B G. Mine Wastes: Characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts. 3rd Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2010 [3] Hudson鄄Edwards K A, Jamieson H E, Lottermoser B G. Mine wastes: past, present, future. Elements, 2011, 7(6): 375 [4] Hudson鄄Edwards K. Tackling mine wastes. Sci, 2016, 352 (6283): 288 [5] Wang H J, Xue Y Z, Lei P X, et al. The Report of Mineral Re鄄 sources Saving & Comprehensive Utilization in China (2016). Bei鄄 jing: Geological Publishing House, 2016 (王海军, 薛亚洲, 雷平喜, 等. 全国矿产资源节约与综合利 用报告(2016). 北京: 地质出版社, 2016) [6] Ministry of Environmental Protection of People蒺s Republic of Chi鄄 na. The 2016 Annual Report of Large and Medium Urban Solid Waste Prevention and Control in China. Beijing: Ministry of Envi鄄 ronmental Protection of People蒺s Republic of China, 2016 (中华人民共和国环境保护部. 2016 年全国大、中城市固体废 物污染环境防治年报. 北京: 中华人民共和国环境保护部, 2016) [7] Kossoff D, Dubbin W E, Alfredsson M, et al. Mine tailings dams: characteristics, failure, environmental impacts, and reme鄄 diation. Appl Geochem, 2014, 51: 229 [8] Azam S, Li Q R. Tailings dam failures: a review of the last one hundred years. Geotech News, 2010, 28(4): 50 [9] ICOLD, UNEP. Tailings Dams Risk of Dangerous Occurrences, Lessons Learnt From Practical Experiences (Bulletin 121). France: International Commission on Large Dams, 2001 [10] Bowker L N, Chambers D M. The risk, public liability, & eco鄄 nomics of tailings storage facility failures [ EB/ OL]. Earthwork Action (2015鄄鄄 07鄄鄄 21 ) [2017鄄鄄 10鄄鄄 19 ]. https: / / earthworks. org / cms/ assets/ uploads/ archive / files/ pubs鄄others/ BowkerCham鄄 bers鄄RiskPublicLiability _ EconomicsOfTailingsStorageFacility% 20Failures鄄23Jul15. pdf [11] WISE Uranium Project. Chronology of major tailings dam failures (from 1960) [EB/ OL]. (2017鄄鄄07鄄鄄08) [2017鄄鄄10鄄鄄19]. ht鄄 tp: / / www. wise鄄uranium. org / mdaf. html [12 ] Fund觔o Tailings Dam Review Panel. Report on the immediate causes of the failure of the Fund觔o Dam [EB/ OL]. The Fund觔o Tailings Dam Investigation (2016鄄鄄08鄄鄄25) [2017鄄鄄10鄄鄄19]. ht鄄 tp: / / fundaoinvestigation. com/ the鄄panel鄄report [13] Byrne P, Hudson鄄Edwards K, Macklin M, et al. The long鄄term environmental impacts of the Mount Polley mine tailings spill / / EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. British Columbia, 2015 [14] Mei G D. Quantitative assessment method study based on weak鄄 ness theory of dam failure risks in tailings dam. Procedia Eng, 2011, 26: 1827 [15] Li C H, Bu L, Chen L G. Research situation of the disaster鄄cau鄄 sing mechanism of tailing dams and its developing trend. Chin J Eng, 2016, 38(8): 1039 (李长洪, 卜磊, 陈龙根. 尾矿坝致灾机理研究现状及发展 态势. 工程科学学报, 2016, 38(8): 1039) [16] Li Q M, Zhang H, Li G. Comparative analysis on safety manage鄄 ment of tailings ponds in China and Canada. China Min Mag, 2017, 26(1): 21 (李全明, 张红, 李钢. 中国与加拿大尾矿库安全管理对比 分析. 中国矿业, 2017, 26(1): 21) [17] State Administration of Work Safety. Notifications on issuing the “work plan for the prevention and control of the Overhead Tail鄄 ·535·
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