Articles 1990 2010 Neonatal Postneonatal Childhood Neonatal Postneonatal Childhood (Continued from previous page) Sub-Saharan Africa,east Burundi 37-6(28-2-517) 465(36-4-60-1) 101-8(843-122-3) 31-2(223-42-2) 35-7(27-0-46.2) 69-0(51-6-89-9) Comoros 46-937-4-57-5) 39-3B1-7-46-4) 34-1(24-8-460) 29-2(22-7-37-1) 20-5(154-261) 131(8-2-20-0) Djibouti 323(181-54-8) 37-2(21-0-552) 44-8(25-0-66-4) 22-4(12-2-36-8) 233(127-344) 225(11-5-368) Eritrea 33-7(24-2-453) 368(28-2-46-2) 78-8(62-7-93-8) 22-1(15-6-30-4) 21-8(16-5-28-0) 363(25-9-47.5) Ethiopia 58.5(44-7-751) 65-0(51-6-78-3) 934(72-7-114-8) 35-0(26-6-457) 33-5(26-3-43-2】 36-2(25-3-50-1) Kenya 30-1(22-2-39-5) 38-6(311-45-5) 38-8(28-7-50-2) 25-9(18-2-334) 31-0(23-1-37-5) 27-6(18-1-36-1) Madagascar 37-4(28-0-49-0) 55-1(44-0-67-2) 74357-9-91-7刀 22-0(16-2-28.5) 25-7(20-3-31-40 24-6(171-33-8) Malawi 48-636-3-64-1) 701(55-2-853) 108.6(86-0-130-6) 26-9(199-36-0) 354(275-44-0) 37-7(26-2-52-1) Mozambique 594(46-1-75-6) 94-0(76-0-109-3) 92-5701-1159) 39-0(28-1-50-3) 57-5(44-0-69-1) 43-5(29-2-58-6) Rwanda 454333-595) 48-6(37-9-599) 85-5(673-103-6) 32-0(23-9-423) 30-9(23-2-39-7) 437(30-3-58-1) Somalia 44-4(254-749) 566(33-1-83-5) 83-9(50-4-115-7刀 32-6(18-2-55-1) 37-421-4-56-1) 457(25-1-683) Sudan 357(267-47-0) 309(24-1-383) 56-3(44-1-70.9) 303(21-9-390) 243(18-1-30-7) 40-3(28-4-54-7 Tanzania 385(291-504) 56-6(454-67-8) 664(51-6-82-9) 28-3(20-7-37-1) 37-5(289-46-0) 36-0(24-6-49-1) Uganda 42-2(31.2-553) 56-1(43-8-68-0) 795(61-7-96-3引 31-9(23-2-42-0) 405(315-499) 49-0341-63-0) Zambia 367(27-5-48.2) 57-5(450-70-5) 88-9(71-0-106-7) 28-5(21-4-38-2) 41-1(31-9-51-0) 54-0(401-69-3) Sub-Saharan Africa,southern Botswana 21-1(15-6-26-7) 18-5(13-9-22-9) 15-6(10-6-21-6) 19-8(14-4-27-0) 16-3(11-0-23-4) 139(82-21-7) Lesotho 38.6(298-47-9) 35-1(28-1-41-6 238(16-4-33-1) 39-2(28.9504) 36-0(25-5-47-3) 248(147-36-8) Namibia 26.1(19-3-33-6) 22-9(18-0-27-8) 24-8(180-33-2) 22-5(16-5-287) 16-4119-21.5) 17-1(11-0-24-70 South Africa 17-7(13-2-23-0) 260(21-1-30-2) 15-1(10-3-20-8) 16-3(12-0-216) 22.9(17-6-28-6) 12.6(8-1-19-0) Swaziland 19-1(13-9-255) 307(24-5-36-6) 258(188-34-1) 22-9(16-6-31-6) 43-5(31-458-1) 38-3(25-2-54-5) Zimbabwe 23-0(17-2-29-8) 25-6(20-6-30-7) 26-519-4-34-8) 22-6(16.8-29-7) 244(17-8-32-5) 251(16-6-35-2) Sub-Saharan Africa,west Benin 454(33-3-598) 532(41-9-64-9) 88-8(69-9-107-5) 294(20-9-39-8) 30-6(23-8-38-2) 442(327-57-2) Burkina Faso 46-0(34-2-60-6) 58-6(454-737) 114-5(93-0-135-5) 31-6(22-8-433) 387(28-7-49-7) 69-451-6-87-0) Cameroon 41430-6-54-6) 41-7(33-1-51-20 67-653-0-83-8) 33-8(245-46.5) 33-7(25-6-433) 51-5(37-2-699) Cape Verde 202(9-8-33-9) 173(91-27-3) 21.9(10-8-34-0) 13-0(59-217) 94(44-154) 103(45-18-6) Chad 50-6(37-7-65-8) 65-7(51-0-809) 110-3(87-8-130-9) 41-5(299565) 53-5(410-684) 83-6(62-4-108) Cote d'lvoire 48336-8-61-8) 48-9(392-58-5) 60-1(456-76-3) 36-6(270-48-0 35-6(27-7-443) 39-2(281-537刃 Ghana 39-5(29-0-515) 304(23-6-37-5) 57-5(44-1-71-0) 28-1(20-3-37-1) 192(148-24-4) 32-2(23-8-417刀 Guinea 603(455-78-6) 69-2(54-7-84-7) 116(92-3-139-8) 38-9(28.7-51-7 41-2(31.5-51-2) 58.8(43-1-76-7) Guinea-Bissau 59-5(34-7-1007) 68-5(40-0-1035) 1249(80-0-164-71 43-3(24-1-74-4) 47-0(26-9-714) 77-2(456-107-1) Liberia 65-6(50-3-852) 95-7(77-0-113-8) 95-172-4-119-5) 31-7(23-0-41-6) 39-1(30-1-495) 31-5(21-3-43-2) Mali 68-5(512-89-6) 64-8(50-3-812) 1437(116-5-1691) 47-0(35-2-63-0) 41-6(32-6-53-0) 81-6(63-9-102-3引 Mauritania 40-6(30-0-514) 304(23-6-36-8) 46.334-2-58-0) 33-2(23-9-427刀 22-7(16-8-27-9) 321(22-1-42-8) Niger 53-8(39-8-723) 76-8(582-98-6) 195-2(1644-2195) 31-3(221-435 43432-2-55-6) 94-7(72-7-116-5) Nigeria 490(36.0-646) 501(383-62-4) 107-9(86-3-127-3) 41-3(30-3-554) 40-5(31-2-50-5) 835(64-0-103-1) Sao Tome and Principe 32-6(17-0-56-3) 32-5(18-3-50-3) 48-5(270-702) 21-2(10-1-37-2) 184(97-30-3) 239(10-9-39-7) Senegal 393(28-3-53-0) 33-8(25-8-43-0) 80-4(64-7-96.8) 292(21-1-395) 198(15-1-25-8) 401(29-8-52-6) Sierra Leone 618(46-9-79-7) 95-2(77.4-111-6) 106-6(816-132.3) 38-6(28-7-51-2) 55-0(42-9-66-1) 52-337-7-67-8) The Gambia 40-8(221-69-9) 43-0(24-4-67-1) 69-6(40-7-96-6) 258(131-44-6) 23-9(131-38-6) 333(171-53-2) Togo 41-5(30-4-55-3) 37-4(294-46-9) 70-5(54-8-86-5) 301(21.5-40-3) 24-0(184-315) 40-2(28-4-543) Countries are grouped into 21 regionson the basis of epidemiological profiles and geography.See text for definitionsof neonatal,postneonatal,and childhood mortality. Table 2:Neonatal,postneonatal,and childhood mortality(uncertainty interval)per 1000in 1990 and 2010 and Afghanistan have the highest ratesofunder-5mortality Asia;Laos,Cambodia,Timor-Leste,and Burma have in south Asia.In southeast Asia,under-5 mortality is less rates that are three to four times higher. than ten per 1000 in Thailand and Malaysia.Rates of The GPR method and enhanced database used in this under-5 mortality in the Philippines and Indonesia are study allow for a detailed assessment of rates of decline twice as high as those in other countries in southeast in under-5 mortality.Webappendix p 209 shows the www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5,2010 2003Articles www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5, 2010 2003 and Afghanistan have the highest rates of under-5 mortality in south Asia. In southeast Asia, under-5 mortality is less than ten per 1000 in Thailand and Malaysia. Rates of under-5 mortality in the Philippines and Indonesia are twice as high as those in other countries in southeast Asia; Laos, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, and Burma have rates that are three to four times higher. The GPR method and enhanced database used in this study allow for a detailed assessment of rates of decline in under-5 mortality. Webappendix p 209 shows the 1990 2010 Neonatal Postneonatal Childhood Neonatal Postneonatal Childhood (Continued from previous page) Sub-Saharan Africa, east Burundi 37·6 (28·2–51·7) 46·5 (36·4–60·1) 101·8 (84·3–122·3) 31·2 (22·3–42·2) 35·7 (27·0–46·2) 69·0 (51·6–89·9) Comoros 46·9 (37·4–57·5) 39·3 (31·7–46·4) 34·1 (24·8–46·0) 29·2 (22·7–37·1) 20·5 (15·4–26·1) 13·1 (8·2–20·0) Djibouti 32·3 (18·1–54·8) 37·2 (21·0–55·2) 44·8 (25·0–66·4) 22·4 (12·2–36·8) 23·3 (12·7–34·4) 22·5 (11·5–36·8) Eritrea 33·7 (24·2–45·3) 36·8 (28·2–46·2) 78·8 (62·7–93·8) 22·1 (15·6–30·4) 21·8 (16·5–28·0) 36·3 (25·9–47·5) Ethiopia 58·5 (44·7–75·1) 65·0 (51·6–78·3) 93·4 (72·7–114·8) 35·0 (26·6–45·7) 33·5 (26·3–43·2) 36·2 (25·3–50·1) Kenya 30·1 (22·2–39·5) 38·6 (31·1–45·5) 38·8 (28·7–50·2) 25·9 (18·2–33·4) 31·0 (23·1–37·5) 27·6 (18·1–36·1) Madagascar 37·4 (28·0–49·0) 55·1 (44·0–67·2) 74·3 (57·9–91·7) 22·0 (16·2–28·5) 25·7 (20·3–31·4) 24·6 (17·1–33·8) Malawi 48·6 (36·3–64·1) 70·1 (55·2–85·3) 108·6 (86·0–130·6) 26·9 (19·9–36·0) 35·4 (27·5–44·0) 37·7 (26·2–52·1) Mozambique 59·4 (46·1–75·6) 94·0 (76·0–109·3) 92·5 (70·1–115·9) 39·0 (28·1–50·3) 57·5 (44·0–69·1) 43·5 (29·2–58·6) Rwanda 45·4 (33·3–59·5) 48·6 (37·9–59·9) 85·5 (67·3–103·6) 32·0 (23·9–42·3) 30·9 (23·2–39·7) 43·7 (30·3–58·1) Somalia 44·4 (25·4–74·9) 56·6 (33·1–83·5) 83·9 (50·4–115·7) 32·6 (18·2–55·1) 37·4 (21·4–56·1) 45·7 (25·1–68·3) Sudan 35·7 (26·7–47·0) 30·9 (24·1–38·3) 56·3 (44·1–70·9) 30·3 (21·9–39·0) 24·3 (18·1–30·7) 40·3 (28·4–54·7) Tanzania 38·5 (29·1–50·4) 56·6 (45·4–67·8) 66·4 (51·6–82·9) 28·3 (20·7–37·1) 37·5 (28·9–46·0) 36·0 (24·6–49·1) Uganda 42·2 (31·2–55·3) 56·1 (43·8–68·0) 79·5 (61·7–96·3) 31·9 (23·2–42·0) 40·5 (31·5–49·9) 49·0 (34·1–63·0) Zambia 36·7 (27·5–48·2) 57·5 (45·0–70·5) 88·9 (71·0–106·7) 28·5 (21·4–38·2) 41·1 (31·9–51·0) 54·0 (40·1–69·3) Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Botswana 21·1 (15·6–26·7) 18·5 (13·9–22·9) 15·6 (10·6–21·6) 19·8 (14·4–27·0) 16·3 (11·0–23·4) 13·9 (8·2–21·7) Lesotho 38·6 (29·8–47·9) 35·1 (28·1–41·6) 23·8 (16·4–33·1) 39·2 (28·9–50·4) 36·0 (25·5–47·3) 24·8 (14·7–36·8) Namibia 26·1 (19·3–33·6) 22·9 (18·0–27·8) 24·8 (18·0–33·2) 22·5 (16·5–28·7) 16·4 (11·9–21·5) 17·1 (11·0–24·7) South Africa 17·7 (13·2–23·0) 26·0 (21·1–30·2) 15·1 (10·3–20·8) 16·3 (12·0–21·6) 22·9 (17·6–28·6) 12·6 (8·1–19·0) Swaziland 19·1 (13·9–25·5) 30·7 (24·5–36·6) 25·8 (18·8–34·1) 22·9 (16·6–31·6) 43·5 (31·4–58·1) 38·3 (25·2–54·5) Zimbabwe 23·0 (17·2–29·8) 25·6 (20·6–30·7) 26·5 (19·4–34·8) 22·6 (16·8–29·7) 24·4 (17·8–32·5) 25·1 (16·6–35·2) Sub-Saharan Africa, west Benin 45·4 (33·3–59·8) 53·2 (41·9–64·9) 88·8 (69·9–107·5) 29·4 (20·9–39·8) 30·6 (23·8–38·2) 44·2 (32·7–57·2) Burkina Faso 46·0 (34·2–60·6) 58·6 (45·4–73·7) 114·5 (93·0–135·5) 31·6 (22·8–43·3) 38·7 (28·7–49·7) 69·4 (51·6–87·0) Cameroon 41·4 (30·6–54·6) 41·7 (33·1–51·2) 67·6 (53·0–83·8) 33·8 (24·5–46·5) 33·7 (25·6–43·3) 51·5 (37·2–69·9) Cape Verde 20·2 (9·8–33·9) 17·3 (9·1–27·3) 21·9 (10·8–34·0) 13·0 (5·9–21·7) 9·4 (4·4–15·4) 10·3 (4·5–18·6) Chad 50·6 (37·7–65·8) 65·7 (51·0–80·9) 110·3 (87·8–130·9) 41·5 (29·9–56·5) 53·5 (41·0–68·4) 83·6 (62·4–108) Côte d’Ivoire 48·3 (36·8–61·8) 48·9 (39·2–58·5) 60·1 (45·6–76·3) 36·6 (27·0–48·0) 35·6 (27·7–44·3) 39·2 (28·1–53·7) Ghana 39·5 (29·0–51·5) 30·4 (23·6–37·5) 57·5 (44·1–71·0) 28·1 (20·3–37·1) 19·2 (14·8–24·4) 32·2 (23·8–41·7) Guinea 60·3 (45·5–78·6) 69·2 (54·7–84·7) 116 (92·3–139·8) 38·9 (28·7–51·7) 41·2 (31·5–51·2) 58·8 (43·1–76·7) Guinea-Bissau 59·5 (34·7–100·7) 68·5 (40·0–103·5) 124·9 (80·0–164·7) 43·3 (24·1–74·4) 47·0 (26·9–71·4) 77·2 (45·6–107·1) Liberia 65·6 (50·3–85·2) 95·7 (77·0–113·8) 95·1 (72·4–119·5) 31·7 (23·0–41·6) 39·1 (30·1–49·5) 31·5 (21·3–43·2) Mali 68·5 (51·2–89·6) 64·8 (50·3–81·2) 143·7 (116·5–169·1) 47·0 (35·2–63·0) 41·6 (32·6–53·0) 81·6 (63·9–102·3) Mauritania 40·6 (30·0–51·4) 30·4 (23·6–36·8) 46·3 (34·2–58·0) 33·2 (23·9–42·7) 22·7 (16·8–27·9) 32·1 (22·1–42·8) Niger 53·8 (39·8–72·3) 76·8 (58·2–98·6) 195·2 (164·4–219·5) 31·3 (22·1–43·5) 43·4 (32·2–55·6) 94·7 (72·7–116·5) Nigeria 49·0 (36·0–64·6) 50·1 (38·3–62·4) 107·9 (86·3–127·3) 41·3 (30·3–55·4) 40·5 (31·2–50·5) 83·5 (64·0–103·1) Sao Tome and Principe 32·6 (17·0–56·3) 32·5 (18·3–50·3) 48·5 (27·0–70·2) 21·2 (10·1–37·2) 18·4 (9·7–30·3) 23·9 (10·9–39·7) Senegal 39·3 (28·3–53·0) 33·8 (25·8–43·0) 80·4 (64·7–96·8) 29·2 (21·1–39·5) 19·8 (15·1–25·8) 40·1 (29·8–52·6) Sierra Leone 61·8 (46·9–79·7) 95·2 (77·4–111·6) 106·6 (81·6–132·3) 38·6 (28·7–51·2) 55·0 (42·9–66·1) 52·3 (37·7–67·8) The Gambia 40·8 (22·1–69·9) 43·0 (24·4–67·1) 69·6 (40·7–96·6) 25·8 (13·1–44·6) 23·9 (13·1–38·6) 33·3 (17·1–53·2) Togo 41·5 (30·4–55·3) 37·4 (29·4–46·9) 70·5 (54·8–86·5) 30·1 (21·5–40·3) 24·0 (18·4–31·5) 40·2 (28·4–54·3) Countries are grouped into 21 regions on the basis of epidemiological profi les and geography. See text for defi nitions of neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality. Table 2: Neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality (uncertainty interval) per 1000 in 1990 and 2010