2.3.4.3 Deletion rule Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. 2.3.5 Supra-segmental features 2.3.5.1Stress Depending on the context in which stress is considered,there are two kinds of stress:word stress and sentence stress. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.For example,a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Sentence stress refers to the relative force given to the component of a sentence The part of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are nouns.main verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals and demonstrative pronouns,the other categories of words like articles,person pronouns,auxiliary verbs,prepositions,and conjunctions are usually not stressed. 2.3.52Tone Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variation can distinguish meaning just like phonemes,therefore the tone is a supra-segmental feature.The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what wecall tone languages.E.g Chinese 2.3.5.3 Intonation When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English. 2.基本概念和知识点 1)The phonetic medium of language 2)Phonetics:organs of speech;orthographic representation of speech sounds- broad and narrow transcriptions,classification of English speech sounds, 3)Phonology:phonology and phonetics,phone,phoneme,and allophone, phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair,some rules in phonology;suprasegmental features-stress,tone,intonation. 3.问题与应用（能力要求） 1)It is possible to make sprangle into an English word,but it is impossible to do so with"rpsaglne".Why is that?What rule or rules of English syllabic structure does "rpsaglne"break. 2)One principle of advertising is to make sure that the slogan is memorable Homophones(ie.words that are different but have the same pronunciation)and near9 2.3.4.3 Deletion rule Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. 2.3.5 Supra-segmental features 2.3.5.1 Stress Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Sentence stress refers to the relative force given to the component of a sentence. The part of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns; the other categories of words like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not stressed. 2.3.5.2 Tone Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a supra-segmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. E.g. Chinese. 2.3.5.3 Intonation When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. 2. 基本概念和知识点 1）The phonetic medium of language 2）Phonetics: organs of speech; orthographic representation of speech sounds — broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English speech sounds; 3）Phonology: phonology and phonetics; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair; some rules in phonology; suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation. 3. 问题与应用（能力要求） 1）It is possible to make sprangle into an English word, but it is impossible to do so with “rpsaglne”. Why is that? What rule or rules of English syllabic structure does “rpsaglne” break. 2）One principle of advertising is to make sure that the slogan is memorable. Homophones (i.e. words that are different but have the same pronunciation) and near