142 BAMBED,Vol.34,No.2,pp.141-147,2006 TABLE I Specialized core course of biotechnology degree programs in Shanghai Jiao Tong University(51 credits) Course type Course name Course code Crs. Hours Hours/week Term Required course (38 Crs.) Physical Chemistry F1112044 72 Physical Chemistry Exp. F1115052 3 Biochemistry F0811033 5 Biochemistry F0811043 3 3 545 Biochemistry Exp. F0815017 2.5 Biochemistry Exp. F0815027 2.5 4 2 Microbiology F0812067 2.5 . Microbiological Experiment F0815067 2.5 4 . 45556 Cellular Biology F0812323 Cellular Biology Exp F0815322 Molecular Biology F0812333 23 23 Molecular Biology Lab. F0815332 2 36 655 Genetics F0812343 3 General Biology F0812353 3 Elective course (13 Crs.) Advances in Life Science F080Z312 2 45436 621 Application of Computer in Life Science F081Z322 2 18+18 Application of Computer in Life Science F081Z332 18+18 2 Biological Products and Techniques F081Z432 2 Fundamental Biochemical Engineering F081Z337 .5 2.5 Fundamental Biochemical Reaction Engineering F081Z347 2.5 4 2.5 Fundamental Biochem.Eng.Exp. F081Z351 18 Fundamental Biochemical Reaction Eng.Exp F081Z366 15 1.5 67656567 Immunology F081Z372 % 2 Circuits and Electronics F0442013 3 54 3 6 Circuits and Electronics Exp. F0445012 2 36 2 6 on biotechnology.Meanwhile,the China National Devel- in the same year [9].In 1997,the Ministry of Education in opment and Reform Commission and National Science China formally approved building a biotechnology degree and Technology Commission helped to found a series of program in higher educational institutions.There were national key laboratories in biotechnology areas.The more than 70 biotechnology and 20 bioengineering degree country and those corporations paid more and more at- programs with nearly 10,000 undergraduates enrolled in tention to biotechnology,through which Chinese biotech- China by 2002 [10].According to their own needs,most of nology research and industry have progressed rapidly. the comprehensive universities,agricultural academies, China has focused on developing biotechnology products medicinal academies,teachers colleges,and normal uni- in the following areas:(i)biotechnology products of agri- versities have established biotechnology degree programs culture,forestry,livestock husbandry,and fishery;(ii)bio- to meet the growing demands of the related professionals technology products of medicine and hygiene;(ii)biotech- with the development of life science.In 1998,the Ministry nology products of light industry such as food making;(iv) of Education of China issued a Specialty Program and biotechnology products of other areas,including new bio- Introduction of Undergraduate Course for Regular Institu- chemical products,environment-improving technology tion of Higher Learning,which standardized the training and products,and so on [6].There are over 500 corpora- objectives,main subjects,and educational system for bio- tions related to modern biotechnology all over China,over 300 for medicine and the rest for agriculture.Gross sales technology degree programs.Qualified students would be on biotechnology products increased from RMB 260 mil- conferred a degree of Bachelor of Science. lion(about 32.46 million U.S.dollars)in year 1986 to RMB The training objectives of the biotechnology degree pro- 20 billion (about 2.5 billion U.S.dollars)by the end of the gram issued by the Ministry of Education [11]require that year 2000 in China,a 76-fold increase in only 15 years [7]. students should master basic theories of life science and By June of 2000.there were over 120 listed companies relatively systematically explore the theories,knowledge, related to biotechnology in China [8].Modern biotechnol- and skills of biotechnology.This enables the students to ogy is gradually becoming one of the most active and serve in the vocations of medicine,food industry,agricul- fastest developing industries in China. ture,forestry,animal husbandry,fishery,environmental Enforcement and Development of Biotechnology Edu- protection,and gardening,etc.The course establishment cation in Higher Educational Institutions-Before 1993,no of this program,which should mainly include microbiology, undergraduate degree programs entitled Biotechnology cell biology,genetics,biochemistry,molecular biology, existed in China.However,the number of universities in and biotechnology,is comprised of four divisions:Genetic China that offer biotechnology as a component of other Engineering,Cell Engineering,Fermentation Engineering, degree programs is increasing.In 1993,among compre- Enzyme,and Protein Engineering [12].Moreover,accord- hensive universities all over the China,Peking University ing to the training objectives,actual teaching staff,exper- first established a biotechnology degree program and de- imental teaching conditions,and other factors,various veloped a Biology Department for the Life Science College types of institutions set up their own biotechnology degree program with unique characteristics.For example,for the 1 The abbreviations used are:RMB,renminbi;Crs,credits; biotechnology degree programs of Shanghai Jiao Tong NSFC,Natural Science Foundation of China. University,a comprehensive university,the total arrange-on biotechnology. Meanwhile, the China National Devel￾opment and Reform Commission and National Science and Technology Commission helped to found a series of national key laboratories in biotechnology areas. The country and those corporations paid more and more at￾tention to biotechnology, through which Chinese biotech￾nology research and industry have progressed rapidly. China has focused on developing biotechnology products in the following areas: (i) biotechnology products of agri￾culture, forestry, livestock husbandry, and fishery; (ii) bio￾technology products of medicine and hygiene; (iii) biotech￾nology products of light industry such as food making; (iv) biotechnology products of other areas, including new bio￾chemical products, environment-improving technology and products, and so on [6]. There are over 500 corpora￾tions related to modern biotechnology all over China, over 300 for medicine and the rest for agriculture. Gross sales on biotechnology products increased from RMB1 260 mil￾lion (about 32.46 million U. S. dollars) in year 1986 to RMB 20 billion (about 2.5 billion U. S. dollars) by the end of the year 2000 in China, a 76-fold increase in only 15 years [7]. By June of 2000, there were over 120 listed companies related to biotechnology in China [8]. Modern biotechnol￾ogy is gradually becoming one of the most active and fastest developing industries in China. Enforcement and Development of Biotechnology Edu￾cation in Higher Educational Institutions—Before 1993, no undergraduate degree programs entitled Biotechnology existed in China. However, the number of universities in China that offer biotechnology as a component of other degree programs is increasing. In 1993, among compre￾hensive universities all over the China, Peking University first established a biotechnology degree program and de￾veloped a Biology Department for the Life Science College in the same year [9]. In 1997, the Ministry of Education in China formally approved building a biotechnology degree program in higher educational institutions. There were more than 70 biotechnology and 20 bioengineering degree programs with nearly 10,000 undergraduates enrolled in China by 2002 [10]. According to their own needs, most of the comprehensive universities, agricultural academies, medicinal academies, teachers colleges, and normal uni￾versities have established biotechnology degree programs to meet the growing demands of the related professionals with the development of life science. In 1998, the Ministry of Education of China issued a Specialty Program and Introduction of Undergraduate Course for Regular Institu￾tion of Higher Learning, which standardized the training objectives, main subjects, and educational system for bio￾technology degree programs. Qualified students would be conferred a degree of Bachelor of Science. The training objectives of the biotechnology degree pro￾gram issued by the Ministry of Education [11] require that students should master basic theories of life science and relatively systematically explore the theories, knowledge, and skills of biotechnology. This enables the students to serve in the vocations of medicine, food industry, agricul￾ture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, environmental protection, and gardening, etc. The course establishment of this program, which should mainly include microbiology, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology, is comprised of four divisions: Genetic Engineering, Cell Engineering, Fermentation Engineering, Enzyme, and Protein Engineering [12]. Moreover, accord￾ing to the training objectives, actual teaching staff, exper￾imental teaching conditions, and other factors, various types of institutions set up their own biotechnology degree program with unique characteristics. For example, for the biotechnology degree programs of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, a comprehensive university, the total arrange- 1 The abbreviations used are: RMB, renminbi; Crs, credits; NSFC, Natural Science Foundation of China. TABLE I Specialized core course of biotechnology degree programs in Shanghai Jiao Tong University (51 credits) Course type Course name Course code Crs. Hours Hours/week Term Required course (38 Crs.) Physical Chemistry F1112044 4 72 4 4 Physical Chemistry Exp. F1115052 4 36 2 5 Biochemistry F0811033 3 54 3 4 Biochemistry F0811043 3 54 3 5 Biochemistry Exp. F0815017 2.5 45 2.5 4 Biochemistry Exp. F0815027 2.5 45 2.5 5 Microbiology F0812067 2.5 45 2.5 5 Microbiological Experiment F0815067 2.5 45 2.5 5 Cellular Biology F0812323 3 54 3 6 Cellular Biology Exp. F0815322 2 36 2 6 Molecular Biology F0812333 3 54 3 5 Molecular Biology Lab. F0815332 2 36 2 5 Genetics F0812343 3 54 3 6 General Biology F0812353 3 54 3 2 Elective course (13 Crs.) Advances in Life Science F080Z312 2 36 2 1 Application of Computer in Life Science F081Z322 2 18
18 2 6 Application of Computer in Life Science F081Z332 2 18
18 2 7 Biological Products and Techniques F081Z432 2 36 2 6 Fundamental Biochemical Engineering F081Z337 2.5 45 2.5 5 Fundamental Biochemical Reaction Engineering F081Z347 2.5 45 2.5 6 Fundamental Biochem. Eng. Exp. F081Z351 1 18 1 5 Fundamental Biochemical Reaction Eng. Exp. F081Z366 1.5 27 1.5 6 Immunology F081Z372 2 36 2 7 Circuits and Electronics F0442013 3 54 3 6 Circuits and Electronics Exp. F0445012 2 36 2 6 142 BAMBED, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 141–147, 2006