> From 1860 to the present day Shifting of development emphases in metal cutting Before 1860 Since 1860 .The basic machine tools .The know-how of .Machining new metals production of the and alloys .Reduction of machining required shapes costs with accuracy 8 From 1860 to the present day  Shifting of development emphases in metal cutting •The basic machine tools •The know-how of production of the required shapes with accuracy •Machining new metals and alloys •Reduction of machining costs Before 1860 Since 1860