Articles 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Europe,western Andorra 16-311-5-231) 11-7(8.3-166) 9-4(6-6-133) 71(5-0-101) 493-4-6.9) Austria 29-4(28.5-30-2) 17-2(16-5-17-8) 10-8(103-11-3) 6-1(5-7-6-5) 3-93-3-4-6) Belgium 25-5(24-8-26-2) 153(147-15-8 102(98-10-7) 6-2(59-6.5) 43(36-53) Cyprus 26-6(22-5-31-1) 20-0(17.9-22-1) 12-8(11-7-14-0) 6-6(59-7-3) 28(2-3-34) Denmark 16-4158-171) 10-1(9-6-10-7) 8-7(8-2-92) 5-8(556-2) 41(3-4-49) Finland 15-9(151-16-8) 8-07-5-85) 7-1(6-6-7.5) 45(4-1-48) 3-02.5-37) France 192(19-0-195) 14-7(144-149) 95(93-97) 54(53-5-6) 393-2-48) Germany 25-8(25-5-26-1) 14-0(13-8-14-3) 8-9(87-9-1) 525-0-53) 4-13-5-4-8) Greece 28-7(27-8-29-40 19-0(183-19-7) 11-2(10-6-11-6) 6-9(6-6-7-3) 373-0-45 Iceland 16-4(14-9-18-0) 9-7(8-6-10-9) 6-7(5-9-77) 41(3-5-4-8) 2-6(2-1-33引 Ireland 23-422-5-24-3) 14-9(143-15-6) 99(92-10-5) 74(7-0-7-8) 42(35-51) Israel 27-2(26-3-28.2) 19-0(183-19-7) 12-1(11-6-12-6) 6-9(6-6-7-3) 4739-57) Italy 34-334-0-34-7 17-0(167-17-3) 10-0(98-10.2) 6-4(6-2-6-6) 33(2-8-4-0) Luxembourg 233(215-25-7) 13-9(12-5-154) 9-1(82-10-2) 51(46-5-8) 2-9(23-37刃 Malta 31-5(28-8-34-5) 16.9(15-2-187) 11-3(10-0-12-8) 7-2(6-1-84) 5-2(40-6.9) Netherlands 16-4(16-0-16.9) 114(11-0-11-9) 8-9(8-6-9-2) 6-5(6-3-6-8) 43(37-49) Norway 15-8(151-16-4) 10-5(9-9-11-0) 8-8(8-4-93) 5-0(47-5-3) 34(2-8-40) Portugal 744732-75-6) 294(28-6-30-2) 15-0(14-4-15-6 8-07-6-85) 33(2-6-4-3引 Spain 32-8(32-4-332) 143(141-14-6) 9-2(90-9-5) 57(55-5-9) 383-1-46) Sweden 12-7(12-2-133) 89(85-93) 7-2(6.9-7-6 49(46-5-2) 27(2-2-33) Switzerland 18-7(18-1-194) 10-6(10-1-11-1) 8-8(84-9-2) 6-0(5-7-63引 42(3-5-5-0) UK 21-8(21-5-221) 152(15-0-15-5) 9-7(95-99) 6-8(6-6-6-9) 53(4-5-6-2) Latin America,Andean Bolivia 220-7(212-7-2299) 153-0(1481-158-0) 103-9(100-3-107-5) 62-258-6-65-6) 46-7399-57-0) Ecuador 129-1(125-8-132-7 82-5(80-4-84-6 501(487-51-8) 34-0321-35-7 21.0(18.0-24-3) Peru 159-0(154-8-1632) 114-1(111-6-117-0) 72-7(70-9-74-6) 40-7(392-423) 24-6(21-6-28-9) Latin America,central Colombia 86-8(84-0-898) 52.8(51-2-544) 333(32-0-345) 24-7(23-6-258) 153131-17-7) Costa Rica 73-6(70-5-7-2) 33-131-5-34-8) 214(20-2-22-6) 14-8(13-7-16-0) 8.77-3-10-2) ElSalvador 1604(152-6-168-1) 110-7(106.5-116-3) 59-4(566-62-1) 34-232-3-36-3) 192(16-7-22-3) Guatemala 175-1(1698-1811) 120-7(117-8-124-1) 75-8(73-6-77-70 49-9(47-7-52-5) 31-9(27-6-36-9) Honduras 149-5(142-3-158.5) 92-9(90-3-95-8) 56-3(54-2-58-1) 36-6(353-382) 22-6(197-254) Mexico 107-5(104-3-110-6) 70-0(67-9-72-2) 41-9(40-2-438) 25-8(244-27-4) 16-6(14-7-18-4) Nicaragua 166-2(160-2-172-7) 1023(99-2-105-2) 63-9(62-0-66-0) 39337-8-40-8) 26.6(23-1-31-0) Panama 54-7(52-5-57-2) 36-8(35-2-38-7) 27-8(26-3-293) 233(21-7-25-10 18-0(153-20-9) Venezuela 58-8(55-6-62-2) 38-636-4-40-9) 294(27-5-31-1) 232215-25-0) 161(132-194) Latin America,southern Argentina 72-6(72-0-733) 37-7(37-3-38-2) 28-0(27-6-28.3) 19-7(194-200) 12.9105-15-8) Chile 92-1(854-98-8) 37-3(34-4-40-3) 18-2(16-7-19-8) 11-1(10-3-12-1) 6.5(54-7-9) Uruguay 56-0(54-5-577) 40-7(39-2-421) 22-2(212-233) 16-5(157-17-3) 11.5(9-3-14-4) Latin America,tropical Brazil 120-8(117-2-124-7) 83-6(807-861) 52-0(503-54-1) 30-8(28-5-32-9) 19-9(17-3-23-0) Paraguay 73-9(71-4-769) 56-6(54-9-58-7) 37-7(36-1-39-1) 27-7(26.2-295) 20-9(17-9-24-8) (Continues on next page) mortality at each age are seen between the sexes. finer age groups cannot be based on combined under-5 especially in the neonatal period in which male mortality mortality alone. generally exceeds female mortality."The level of We estimated sex-specific under-5 mortality by modelling mortality at each age for both sexes combined is a the relation between the ratio of male under-5 mortality to function of the level for each sex and the relative size of female under-5 mortality and level of mortality for both the population of each sex;modelling mortality for the sexes combined by use of vital registration data 1994 www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5,2010Articles 1994 www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5, 2010 mortality at each age are seen between the sexes, especially in the neonatal period in which male mortality generally exceeds female mortality.36,37 The level of mortality at each age for both sexes combined is a function of the level for each sex and the relative size of the population of each sex; modelling mortality for the fi ner age groups cannot be based on combined under-5 mortality alone. We estimated sex-specifi c under-5 mortality by modelling the relation between the ratio of male under-5 mortality to female under-5 mortality and level of mortality for both sexes combined by use of vital registration data 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Europe, western Andorra 16·3 (11·5–23·1) 11·7 (8·3–16·6) 9·4 (6·6–13·3) 7·1 (5·0–10·1) 4·9 (3·4–6·9) Austria 29·4 (28·5–30·2) 17·2 (16·5–17·8) 10·8 (10·3–11·3) 6·1 (5·7–6·5) 3·9 (3·3–4·6) Belgium 25·5 (24·8–26·2) 15·3 (14·7–15·8) 10·2 (9·8–10·7) 6·2 (5·9–6·5) 4·3 (3·6–5·3) Cyprus 26·6 (22·5–31·1) 20·0 (17·9–22·1) 12·8 (11·7–14·0) 6·6 (5·9–7·3) 2·8 (2·3–3·4) Denmark 16·4 (15·8–17·1) 10·1 (9·6–10·7) 8·7 (8·2–9·2) 5·8 (5·5–6·2) 4·1 (3·4–4·9) Finland 15·9 (15·1–16·8) 8·0 (7·5–8·5) 7·1 (6·6–7·5) 4·5 (4·1–4·8) 3·0 (2·5–3·7) France 19·2 (19·0–19·5) 14·7 (14·4–14·9) 9·5 (9·3–9·7) 5·4 (5·3–5·6) 3·9 (3·2–4·8) Germany 25·8 (25·5–26·1) 14·0 (13·8–14·3) 8·9 (8·7–9·1) 5·2 (5·0–5·3) 4·1 (3·5–4·8) Greece 28·7 (27·8–29·4) 19·0 (18·3–19·7) 11·2 (10·6–11·6) 6·9 (6·6–7·3) 3·7 (3·0–4·5) Iceland 16·4 (14·9–18·0) 9·7 (8·6–10·9) 6·7 (5·9–7·7) 4·1 (3·5–4·8) 2·6 (2·1–3·3) Ireland 23·4 (22·5–24·3) 14·9 (14·3–15·6) 9·9 (9·2–10·5) 7·4 (7·0–7·8) 4·2 (3·5–5·1) Israel 27·2 (26·3–28·2) 19·0 (18·3–19·7) 12·1 (11·6–12·6) 6·9 (6·6–7·3) 4·7 (3·9–5·7) Italy 34·3 (34·0–34·7) 17·0 (16·7–17·3) 10·0 (9·8–10·2) 6·4 (6·2–6·6) 3·3 (2·8–4·0) Luxembourg 23·3 (21·5–25·7) 13·9 (12·5–15·4) 9·1 (8·2–10·2) 5·1 (4·6–5·8) 2·9 (2·3–3·7) Malta 31·5 (28·8–34·5) 16·9 (15·2–18·7) 11·3 (10·0–12·8) 7·2 (6·1–8·4) 5·2 (4·0–6·9) Netherlands 16·4 (16·0–16·9) 11·4 (11·0–11·9) 8·9 (8·6–9·2) 6·5 (6·3–6·8) 4·3 (3·7–4·9) Norway 15·8 (15·1–16·4) 10·5 (9·9–11·0) 8·8 (8·4–9·3) 5·0 (4·7–5·3) 3·4 (2·8–4·0) Portugal 74·4 (73·2–75·6) 29·4 (28·6–30·2) 15·0 (14·4–15·6) 8·0 (7·6–8·5) 3·3 (2·6–4·3) Spain 32·8 (32·4–33·2) 14·3 (14·1–14·6) 9·2 (9·0–9·5) 5·7 (5·5–5·9) 3·8 (3·1–4·6) Sweden 12·7 (12·2–13·3) 8·9 (8·5–9·3) 7·2 (6·9–7·6) 4·9 (4·6–5·2) 2·7 (2·2–3·3) Switzerland 18·7 (18·1–19·4) 10·6 (10·1–11·1) 8·8 (8·4–9·2) 6·0 (5·7–6·3) 4·2 (3·5–5·0) UK 21·8 (21·5–22·1) 15·2 (15·0–15·5) 9·7 (9·5–9·9) 6·8 (6·6–6·9) 5·3 (4·5–6·2) Latin America, Andean Bolivia 220·7 (212·7–229·9) 153·0 (148·1–158·0) 103·9 (100·3–107·5) 62·2 (58·6–65·6) 46·7 (39·9–57·0) Ecuador 129·1 (125·8–132·7) 82·5 (80·4–84·6) 50·1 (48·7–51·8) 34·0 (32·1–35·7) 21·0 (18·0–24·3) Peru 159·0 (154·8–163·2) 114·1 (111·6–117·0) 72·7 (70·9–74·6) 40·7 (39·2–42·3) 24·6 (21·6–28·9) Latin America, central Colombia 86·8 (84·0–89·8) 52·8 (51·2–54·4) 33·3 (32·0–34·5) 24·7 (23·6–25·8) 15·3 (13·1–17·7) Costa Rica 73·6 (70·5–77·2) 33·1 (31·5–34·8) 21·4 (20·2–22·6) 14·8 (13·7–16·0) 8·7 (7·3–10·2) El Salvador 160·4 (152·6–168·1) 110·7 (106·5–116·3) 59·4 (56·6–62·1) 34·2 (32·3–36·3) 19·2 (16·7–22·3) Guatemala 175·1 (169·8–181·1) 120·7 (117·8–124·1) 75·8 (73·6–77·7) 49·9 (47·7–52·5) 31·9 (27·6–36·9) Honduras 149·5 (142·3–158·5) 92·9 (90·3–95·8) 56·3 (54·2–58·1) 36·6 (35·3–38·2) 22·6 (19·7–25·4) Mexico 107·5 (104·3–110·6) 70·0 (67·9–72·2) 41·9 (40·2–43·8) 25·8 (24·4–27·4) 16·6 (14·7–18·4) Nicaragua 166·2 (160·2–172·7) 102·3 (99·2–105·2) 63·9 (62·0–66·0) 39·3 (37·8–40·8) 26·6 (23·1–31·0) Panama 54·7 (52·5–57·2) 36·8 (35·2–38·7) 27·8 (26·3–29·3) 23·3 (21·7–25·1) 18·0 (15·3–20·9) Venezuela 58·8 (55·6–62·2) 38·6 (36·4–40·9) 29·4 (27·5–31·1) 23·2 (21·5–25·0) 16·1 (13·2–19·4) Latin America, southern Argentina 72·6 (72·0–73·3) 37·7 (37·3–38·2) 28·0 (27·6–28·3) 19·7 (19·4–20·0) 12·9 (10·5–15·8) Chile 92·1 (85·4–98·8) 37·3 (34·4–40·3) 18·2 (16·7–19·8) 11·1 (10·3–12·1) 6·5 (5·4–7·9) Uruguay 56·0 (54·5–57·7) 40·7 (39·2–42·1) 22·2 (21·2–23·3) 16·5 (15·7–17·3) 11·5 (9·3–14·4) Latin America, tropical Brazil 120·8 (117·2–124·7) 83·6 (80·7–86·1) 52·0 (50·3–54·1) 30·8 (28·5–32·9) 19·9 (17·3–23·0) Paraguay 73·9 (71·4–76·9) 56·6 (54·9–58·7) 37·7 (36·1–39·1) 27·7 (26·2–29·5) 20·9 (17·9–24·8) (Continues on next page)