328 SECTION 4 Public Health 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages D. Select effective Interventions 1. Community Preventive Services Four foundational health measures serve as an indicato of progr general health status,(2)health-related The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force(USPSTF)Guide quality of life and well-being, (3)determinants of health, and Clinical Preventive Services championed a rigorous, evidence (4)disparities(see Table 26-6). Each foundational health based approach to clinical preventive services. Modeled on measure is further divided into submeasures Healthy People this process, the Department of Health and Human Services :020 contains 42 topic areas with almost 600 objectives(with (DHHS)tasked the Cdc to develop a parallel guide to com- others still evolving), encompassing 1200 measures. A smaller munity preventive services(CPS). The guide to Commu set of objectives, called leading health indicators, has beer nity Preventive Services is a free, online resource to help elected to communicate high-priority health issues and choose programs and policies to improve health and prevent actions that can be taken to address them(table 26-7) The document includes measurable indicators of ss,which are helpful in tracking progress or documenting the lack of progress. For each leading indicator, an objective METHODS is described and appropriate background information pro- Systematic reviews are used to answer questions such vided. Each focus area objective is broken into many sub- Which program and policy interventions have prov bjectives, each of which has baseline values and target values for subgroups of the population(age, gender, ethnic, and other subgroups). S,plan, implement, track(MAP-IT)is a framework that can be used to plan and evaluate public Mobilize )Assess)Plan)Implement) Track ealth interventions in a community using the Healthy cople 2020 objectives(Fig. 26-3). Using MAP-IT, a ste step, structured plan can be developed by a coalition and Figure 26-3 MAP-IT. This framework to help set objectives for the tailored to a specific communitys needs. The phases of health of the u.S. population is from Healthy People 2020, a joint effort of mobilize-assess-plan-implement-track provide a logical the u.S. Department of Health and Human Services with representatives structure for communities to address and resolve local health Development; Justice; the Interior; and Veterans Affairs, as well as the problems and to build healthy communities Table 26-7 Healthy People 2020: Leading Health Indicators 12 Topic Areas 26 Leading Health Indicators Access to health Persons with medical insurane services Clinical preventive Persons with a usual p rectal cancer screening based on most recent guidelines dults with hypertension whose blood pI e is under control Adult diabetic population with Hb Ac value greater than 9% Children age 19-35 months who receive recommended doses of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: polio; measles, mumps ind rubella; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; varicella; and pne Environmental Air Quality Index exceeding 100 hildren age 3-11 years exposed to secondhand smoke Injury and violence Fatal injuries Homicide and child health Mental health Adolescents who Total vegetable intake for 1 sed oral health care system in past 12 months Reproductive and xually active females age 15-44 who received reproductive health services in past 12 months ersons living with HIV infection who know their serologic status Social determinants Students who graduate with a regular diploma 4 years after starting ninth grade Substance abuse Adults engaging in binge drinking during past 30a7y st 30 days Adolescents using alcohol or any illicit drugs during pa Tobacco Adults who are current cigarette smokers Adolescents who smoked cigarettes in past 30 days ModifiedfromhEalthyPeople2020,U.s,DepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceshttp://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectiveS2020/pdfs/hp2020_brochure_with LHL-508. pdf