Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma Risk factor Details Major risk factors Hepatitis b virus A DNA virus that induces chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis Hepatitis C virus An RNa virus that induces chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis Aflatoxins DNA-reactive carcinogens and cytotoxins Alcohol Induces alcoholic cirrhosis Minor risk factors Smoking Causes dna damage and cell proliferation Polluted pond water Algal toxins enhance cell proliferation Oral contraceptives Enhance cell proliferation Androgenic anabolic steroids Enhance cell proliteration Kensler TW, et al, Nature Rev cancer, 2010Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma Kensler TW, et al, Nature Rev Cancer, 2010