Errors from instrument Misalignment of the diffractometer △d 1 Dcos20 d Rsin0 Flat specimen instead of a curved one to correspond to the diffractometer circle,etc. △da2cos20 d 24sin20 Absorption of the specimen. △dcos20 d 2uR Vertical divergence of the incident beam. △d2cos2062 d24sin2024Errors from instrument • Misalignment of the diffractometer • Flat specimen instead of a curved one to correspond to the diffractometer circle, etc. • Absorption of the specimen. • Vertical divergence of the incident beam.   sin cos - 2 R D d d      2 2 2 24sin cos   d d d R d   2 cos 2   24sin 24 cos 2 2 2 2        d d