Activating the sympathetic responses Preganglionic axons Postganglionic axons The acute stress responses nerves Adrenal medulla Cervical nerves releases adrenaline (8 pairs and noradrenaline Immediately set the body in 'fight Stomach Celiac flight(F/F)alarm ganglion/iver Thoracic mode(pupils (12 pairs) dilation, dry mouth. Adrenal gland increased heart rate that el breathing rate, shut down digestion and Small intestine Lumbar sexual activities Lare ge strengthen muscular n:8 contraction, etc.) nerve (5 pairs) Coccygeal Sympathetic outflow Parasympathetic outflow(1 pair)Activating the sympathetic responses The acute stress responses Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline Immediately set the body in ‘fight￾flight’(F/F) alarm mode (pupils dilation, dry mouth, increased heart rate, breathing rate, shut down digestion and sexual activities, strengthen muscular contraction, etc.)