htt/www.cucdecom.cn中国高校课件下载中心 metabolism; for example, in plants, respiration may proceed faster than photosynthesis, leading to death, however, the most frequent effect of high temperature on organism is dehydration. All terrestrial organism must conserve water but at high temperatures rates of water loss can be lethal There are large differences between the low temperature tolerances of differing species, associated with the processes of freezing, chilling and hardening Many are killed by temperatures below Ic due to the damaging effects of ice-crystal formation within cells 温度阈 高温可能导致酶失活或代谢组分不平衡,例如植物的呼吸作用快于光合作用而导致死亡。然 而高温对生物最普遍的影响是引起脱水。所有陆生生物必须保持水,但在高温下失水率能够 成为致死因子。 不同物种对低温的耐受性有很大的差异,这与结冰、寒冷和坚硬的过程有关。温度低于-1℃ 时很多物种被冻死,这是由于细胞内冰晶形成的损伤效应 生物对低温的适应 植物 形态结构:油脂、鳞片、短小、匍匐状,厚皮 生理适应:减少细胞内的水分,增加糖类、脂肪和色素 动物 形态:阿仑规律、贝格曼规律、毛、皮结构、脂肪层 生理:基础代谢和非颤抖性产热(褐色脂肪) 行为:迁徙、冬眠、冬睡、滞育、集群、活动位置 The effects of temperature on individuals may be moderated by evolved differences. Allens rule states that endothermic animals from cold climates tend to have shorter extremities(ears and legs) compared with animals from warmer climates, thus reducing their surface area: volume ratio. This ule has widespread applicability 阿伦法则 阿伦法则(Alen' s rule)陈述了来自冷气候中的内温动物与来自温暖气候的内温动物相比, 趋向于具有更短的末端(耳朵和四肢);因此降低了它们的表面积对体积的比率。 Bergmann's rule states that mammals tend to be larger in colder areas than warm climates, again to reduce their surface area: volume ratio 贝格曼规律 贝格曼规律( Bergmann' s rule)讲述了寒冷地区的哺乳动物比温暖地区的哺乳动物个体趋向 于更大,也减低了它们的表面积与体积的比率。 生物对高温的适应 植物 形态适应:叶片毛、鳞片、颜色、排列木栓层 生理适应:细胞含水量(糖/盐浓度、代谢强度)旺盛的蒸腾作用 动物 生理适应:适当放松恒温性 行为适应:栖居地点、活动时间 本章小结 光照和温度的时空变化规律 光质、光强、光周期对生物的影响 生物对光质、光强、光周期的适应http://www.cucdc.com.cn 中国高校课件下载中心 metabolism; for example, in plants, respiration may proceed faster than photosynthesis, leading to death, however, the most frequent effect of high temperature on organism is dehydration. All terrestrial organism must conserve water but at high temperatures rates of water loss can be lethal. There are large differences between the low temperature tolerances of differing species, associated with the processes of freezing, chilling and hardening. Many are killed by temperatures below –1℃ due to the damaging effects of ice-crystal formation within cells. 温 度 阈 高温可能导致酶失活或代谢组分不平衡，例如植物的呼吸作用快于光合作用而导致死亡。然 而高温对生物最普遍的影响是引起脱水。所有陆生生物必须保持水，但在高温下失水率能够 成为致死因子。 不同物种对低温的耐受性有很大的差异，这与结冰、寒冷和坚硬的过程有关。温度低于-1℃ 时很多物种被冻死，这是由于细胞内冰晶形成的损伤效应 生物对低温的适应 植物 形态结构：油脂、鳞片、短小、匍匐状，厚皮 生理适应：减少细胞内的水分，增加糖类、脂肪和色素 动物 形态：阿仑规律、贝格曼规律、毛、皮结构、脂肪层 生理：基础代谢和非颤抖性产热(褐色脂肪)， 行为：迁徙、冬眠、冬睡、滞育、集群、活动位置 Allen’s rule The effects of temperature on individuals may be moderated by evolved differences. Allen’s rule states that endothermic animals from cold climates tend to have shorter extremities (ears and legs) compared with animals from warmer climates, thus reducing their surface area: volume ratio. This rule has widespread applicability. 阿伦法则 阿伦法则（Allen’s rule）陈述了来自冷气候中的内温动物与来自温暖气候的内温动物相比， 趋向于具有更短的末端（耳朵和四肢）；因此降低了它们的表面积对体积的比率。 Bergmann’s rule states that mammals tend to be larger in colder areas than warm climates, again to reduce their surface area: volume ratio.. 贝格曼规律 贝格曼规律（Bergmann’s rule）讲述了寒冷地区的哺乳动物比温暖地区的哺乳动物个体趋向 于更大，也减低了它们的表面积与体积的比率。 生物对高温的适应 植物 形态适应：叶片毛、鳞片、颜色、排列 木栓层 生理适应：细胞含水量(糖/盐浓度、代谢强度) 旺盛的蒸腾作用 动物 生理适应：适当放松恒温性 行为适应：栖居地点、活动时间 本 章 小 结 光照和温度的时空变化规律 光质、光强、光周期对生物的影响 生物对光质、光强、光周期的适应