2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone:202-473-1000 Internet:www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 123414131211 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment/The World Bank.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted.Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law.The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work,please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc.,222 Rosewood Drive,Dan- vers,MA 01923,USA;telephone:978-750-8400;fax:978-750-4470;Internet:www.copyright .com. All other queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher,The World Bank,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433, USA;fax:202-522-2422;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Softcover ISSN:0163-5085 ISBN:978-0-8213-8810-5 eISBN:978-0-8213-8812-9 DOL:10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5 Hardcover ISSN:0163-5085 ISBN:978-0-8213-8825-9 D0L:10.1596/978-0-8213-8825-9 Cover photo:Arne Hoel,World Bank Photo credits:Overview/World Bank,Part I/National Geographic,Part II/Kiet Vo, Part III/National Geographic Cover design:Critical Stages Figures design and infographics:Design Symphony,Cymetrics,Harkness Design, and Naylor Design For the firts time,the World Development Report is published with a companino mobile app for the iPad.Key features include:access content from the WDR 2012 in multiple ways; browse by key messages;browse and search the report by topic,region,and keyboard;access the report overview and key messages document,both available in 7 languages;share and save features;and view tabular data from the report.For more information,visit bit.ly/ wdr2012app.© 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel￾opment / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan￾vers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright .com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Softcover ISSN: 0163-5085 ISBN: 978-0-8213-8810-5 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8812-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5 Hardcover ISSN: 0163-5085 ISBN: 978-0-8213-8825-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8825-9 Cover photo: Arne Hoel, World Bank Photo credits: Overview/World Bank, Part I/National Geographic, Part II/Kiet Vo, Part III/National Geographic Cover design: Critical Stages Figures design and infographics: Design Symphony, Cymetrics, Harkness Design, and Naylor Design For the fi rts time, the World Development Report is published with a companino mobile app for the iPad. Key features include: access content from the WDR 2012 in multiple ways; browse by key messages; browse and search the report by topic, region, and keyboard; access the report overview and key messages document, both available in 7 languages; share and save features; and view tabular data from the report. For more information, visit bit.ly/ wdr2012app