1720 m.J.Hm. Genet.65:1718-1724,1999 CHINA 19 Man CerN AUSTRALIA gure 1 Geographic map of the 30 eastern-Asian populations. The numbers 1-30 are those used in table 1. The Han Chinese populatic were grouped into northern (population 9)and southern (population 10) populations. The grouping was done by taking the Changjiang River (the eastern part of which is known as the Yangtze River) as the watershed. those haplotypes preceded the initial modern human mi- studied, particularly in the Han Chinese (54.1%on ay gration out of Africa erage), and they are absent in non-Asian populations Interestingly, H5 appears to be the common ancestor (see table 1), indicating that the eastern-Asian popula of all other haplotypes that are regionally distributed, tions in this study were derived from the same ancient and it probably arose after the out-of-Africa migration. population. Moreover, when we compared the frequency In support of this interpretation, H5 and all its deriva- distributions of Y haplotypes of the southern and north tives are distinguished by a CG mutation at locus M9, ern non-Han Asian populations, the haplotypes found whereas all African haplotypes have the C at this locus in the northern populations consisted of only a subset (Underhill et al. 1997a). H15 and H17 are American of those found in the southern populations. For example, Indian- and Oceanian-specific haplotypes, respectively, H7 and H10-H12 were found only in the southern non as previously reported (Underhill et al. 1996, 19976). Han populations and were absent in the non-Han north H14 is present at a high frequency in European popu- ern populations. The probability of not observing the lations but also appears in Oceanians, Asians, and Am- southern-specific haplotypes H7 and H10-H12 in non erindians. Notably, eight haplotypes(H6-H13)are es- Han northern populations is 3. 998 x 10, if we as- sentially Asian specific sume that they occur at the same frequency in both pop- ulations. The difference between the northern ar Discussio ern Han populations remains, although it is less ervasive than that between non-Han populations, since eight aforementioned Asian-specific the recent recorded migrations between southern and types, H6, H7, and H8 share a T-C mutation at northern China have been substantial M122 (see fig. 2). Collectively they are the predominal The difference between southern and northern pop- haplotypes in most of the eastern-Asian populations ulations is further reflected by the results of principal1720 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65:1718–1724, 1999 Figure 1 Geographic map of the 30 eastern-Asian populations. The numbers 1–30 are those used in table 1. The Han Chinese populations were grouped into northern (population 9) and southern (population 10) populations. The grouping was done by taking the Changjiang River (the eastern part of which is known as the Yangtze River) as the watershed. those haplotypes preceded the initial modern human mi￾gration out of Africa. Interestingly, H5 appears to be the common ancestor of all other haplotypes that are regionally distributed, and it probably arose after the out-of-Africa migration. In support of this interpretation, H5 and all its deriva￾tives are distinguished by a CrG mutation at locus M9, whereas all African haplotypes have the C at this locus (Underhill et al. 1997a). H15 and H17 are American Indian– and Oceanian-specific haplotypes, respectively, as previously reported (Underhill et al. 1996, 1997b). H14 is present at a high frequency in European popu￾lations but also appears in Oceanians, Asians, and Am￾erindians. Notably, eight haplotypes (H6–H13) are es￾sentially Asian specific. Discussion Of the eight aforementioned Asian-specific haplo￾types, H6, H7, and H8 share a TrC mutation at locus M122 (see fig. 2). Collectively they are the predominant haplotypes in most of the eastern-Asian populations studied, particularly in the Han Chinese (54.1% on av￾erage), and they are absent in non-Asian populations (see table 1), indicating that the eastern-Asian popula￾tions in this study were derived from the same ancient population. Moreover, when we compared the frequency distributions of Y haplotypes of the southern and north￾ern non-Han Asian populations, the haplotypes found in the northern populations consisted of only a subset of those found in the southern populations. For example, H7 and H10–H12 were found only in the southern non￾Han populations and were absent in the non-Han north￾ern populations. The probability of not observing the southern-specific haplotypes H7 and H10–H12 in non￾Han northern populations is 3.998 # 10210, if we as￾sume that they occur at the same frequency in both pop￾ulations. The difference between the northern and south￾ern Han populations remains, although it is less pervasive than that between non-Han populations, since the recent recorded migrations between southern and northern China have been substantial. The difference between southern and northern pop￾ulations is further reflected by the results of principal-