Su et al. Modern Human Migration in Eastern Asia 1721 Table 1 Y-Chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in Eastern-Asian and World Populations CONTINENT AND POPULATION FREQUENCY OF H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H1 2. Ewenki (8) 12.512.5 16.7 11.122227.8 4. Mongolian(24) 58.34.2 8.312.54.2 6. Japanese (29) 20.727.6 20.7172 10.3 7.Hu(20) 8. Tibetan (8) 12.525125 9. Northern Han(8 2.422.029.3 23.298 Southern 10. Southern Han (280) 1412.92541.827916.8 3.60. 11. Jingpo (5) 13. Yao Nandan(10) 14. Yao Jinxiu(10) 40 3.6 3.6713.63 .7 16.Dong(10) 0201020 17. Bulang (5) 18.Lahu(5) 19.Y1(14) 42.921 7.1 She(11) 18.2 9118227318.2 21. Atayal (24) 29.24.24.254.28 75 23. Paiwan(11) 18.254.627.3 24.Ami(6) 100 1273 26. Cambodian(26) 3.811.511.53.8 1543.83.823.111.5 5 55 28. Malaysian(13) 7.77730.8 1547.723.17 29. Batak(18) 5.611.111.116.7 9127.39.1 18.29118.2 Africa African(24) 0.8792 America: Oceania: 16 The numbers 1-30 preceding the eastern-Asian populations are those used to designate these populations component analysis(fig 3). This analysis showed that bodians and Thais, are the most polymorphic, because all northern populations cluster together at the upper- they exhibit almost all of the Asian-specific haplotypes right corner and are well separated from the southern (see table 1), it is reasonable to conclude that the north eastern-Asian populations, which are far more diversi- ern populations derived from the southern populations fied than the northern populations. Given the obser- and that the first settlement of the ancient African im- vation that Southeast Asian populations, including Cam- migrants was in mainland Southeast Asia, from whichSu et al.: Modern Human Migration in Eastern Asia 1721 Table 1 Y-Chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in Eastern-Asian and World Populations CONTINENT AND POPULATION (NO. OF SUBJECTS) FREQUENCY OF H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 East Asia: a Northern: 1. Buryat (4) 75 25 2. Ewenki (8) 50 12.5 12.5 25 3. Manchurian (18) 16.7 11.1 22.2 27.8 16.7 5.6 4. Mongolian (24) 58.3 4.2 8.3 12.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 5. Korean (7) 57.1 42.9 6. Japanese (29) 20.7 27.6 20.7 17.2 10.3 3.4 7. Hui (20) 10 5 20 30 20 10 5 8. Tibetan (8) 12.5 25 12.5 50 9. Northern Han (82) 8.5 2.4 22.0 29.3 23.2 9.8 4.9 Southern: 10. Southern Han (280) 7.9 0.4 1.4 12.9 25.4 1.8 27.9 16.8 3.6 0.7 1.4 11. Jingpo (5) 100 12. Tujia (10) 10 20 30 10 20 10 13. Yao Nandan (10) 50 20 30 14. Yao Jinxiu (10) 20 30 10 40 15. Zhuang (28) 3.6 3.6 7.1 3.6 3.6 25 17.9 25 10.7 16. Dong (10) 20 10 20 20 10 20 17. Bulang (5) 20 20 60 18. Lahu (5) 20 60 20 19. Yi (14) 14.3 42.9 21.4 7.1 14.3 20. She (11) 18.2 9.1 18.2 27.3 18.2 9.1 21. Atayal (24) 29.2 4.2 4.2 54.2 8.3 22. Yami (8) 25 75 23. Paiwan (11) 18.2 54.6 27.3 24. Ami (6) 100 25. Li (11) 9.1 27.3 54.6 9.1 26. Cambodian (26) 3.8 3.8 11.5 11.5 3.8 15.4 3.8 3.8 23.1 11.5 3.8 3.8 27. Northeastern Thai (20) 5 5 5 5 5 5 45 20 5 28. Malaysian (13) 7.7 7.7 30.8 15.4 7.7 23.1 7.7 29. Batak (18) 5.6 5.6 11.1 11.1 16.7 22.2 27.8 30. Javanese (11) 9.1 9.1 27.3 9.1 18.2 9.1 18.2 Africa: African (24) 20.8 79.2 America: American Indian (26) 3.8 96.2 Europe: European (39) 10.3 12.8 25.6 51.3 Oceania: Oceanian (100) 16 2 40 4 38 a The numbers 1–30 preceding the eastern-Asian populations are those used to designate these populations in figure 1. component analysis (fig. 3). This analysis showed that all northern populations cluster together at the upper￾right corner and are well separated from the southern eastern-Asian populations, which are far more diversi- fied than the northern populations. Given the obser￾vation that Southeast Asian populations, including Cam￾bodians and Thais, are the most polymorphic, because they exhibit almost all of the Asian-specific haplotypes (see table 1), it is reasonable to conclude that the north￾ern populations derived from the southern populations and that the first settlement of the ancient African im￾migrants was in mainland Southeast Asia, from which