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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 200(2008)12-24 bimetal or surface-engineered components,which are consid- ered composites with continuous reinforcements in a wider R.T L.K..2002.MIM'ma s'metals.Metal osite materials fabricated by MIM so far include the matrixe of steel,refractory metal,intermetalli Be of metal inje ys wit vanous types and Iorm e200209A22002 form composite by MIM through co-njection of different types of ten alloys and dstock ing a powde over sold core L Po facturing composites at micron scale Limitations and needs of the technique in composite fabrication are also presented Bose.A German. 30,37-56 nents usi ing the MIM approach.The full potential ofMM num treated tungsten heavy alloy.Adv REFERENCES Ni(Al,Si) m ances Alcock,99.Co-injectio ises further growth for MIM application for p hen AleockDineton mding Powder Metall.39 interin es of hye fo atite 1.Mater.Sci Mater.Med.15.665-670. of the P.390 jcctid PIM) owder Metallurgy Alloys.TMS. stic of of n ymp.Pro owder met NS 1004 etallic-based composite.Ceramic Eng Sci.Proc.15(5). HuangYen ney iected par are Meelity 210 eon molding pr yst Te echnol 12.702-70 Fu, Tay,B.Y n and Properties,JMS-6.Sendai,Japan..PP. Alm D.E.,Sha an.R.M. Gern Gen 2001 njcetion ng of journal of materials processing technology 200 (2008) 12–24 21 bimetal or surface-engineered components, which are consid￾ered composites with continuous reinforcements in a wider sense. The composite materials fabricated by MIM so far include the matrixes of steel, refractory metal, intermetallic com￾pounds, and titanium alloys with various types and forms of reinforcements. Bimetal composite structures can be pro￾duced by MIM through co-injection of different types of feedstock or molding a powder over a solid core as well. Furthermore the microMIM has shown the capacity of manu￾facturing composites at micron scale. Limitations and needs of the technique in composite fabrication are also presented in the literature. Previous research has demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating advanced composites and compo￾nents using the MIM approach. The full potential of MIM process for fabricating metal matrix composites is yet to be explored. references Alcock, J., 1999. Co-injection promises further growth for MIM. Metall. Powder Rep. 54 (6), 30–34. Alcock, J.R., Stephenson, D.J., 1996. Powder injection molding: some novel developments. Mater. World 4 (11), 629–630. Alcock, J.R., Darlington, M.W., Stephenson, D.J., 1996. Developments in powder injection molding. Powder Metall. 39 (4), 252–254. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1990. Consolidation and mechanical behaviour of intermetallic matrix composites. Ceramic Trans. 19, 831–842. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1991a. Fabrication and mechanical properties of powder injection molded intermetallic matrix composites. In: Proceedings of the American Society for Composites, Technical Conference, Albany, NY, U.S.A., October 6–9, pp. 390–399. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1991b. Fabrication of intermetallic matrix composites by powder injection molding (PIM) techniques. In: Frazier, W., Koczak, M.J., Lee, P.W. (Eds.), Low Density, High Temperature Powder Metallurgy Alloys. TMS, Warrendale, PA, pp. 109–125. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1991c. Processing and properties of intermetallic matrix composites. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 213, 989–1000. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1991d. Powder fabrication of monolithic and composite NiAl. Int. J. Powder Metall. 27 (1), 29–41. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1994. Powder processing of intermetallic-based composite. Ceramic Eng. Sci. Proc. 15 (5), 710–717. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., 1995. Structure and properties of aligned short fibre-reinforced intermetallic matrix composites. J. Mater. Sci. 30 (20), 5251–5258. Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.S., Otsuki, M., 1991. Powder processing and mechanical properties of intermetallic matrix composites. In: Proceedings of the Intermetallic Compounds Structure and Mechanical Properties, JIMIS-6, Sendai, Japan, June17–20, pp. 891–899. Alman, D.E., Shaw, K.G., Stoloff, N.S., 1992. Fabrication, structure and properties of MoSi2-base composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A155, 85–93. Arai, T., Markino, I., Mimura, E., Kayano, H. Method of fabricating metal composite compact. US Patent 6,488,887 B1 (2002). Baumgartner, R., Tan, L.K., 2001. Powder injection moulding of Bi-metal components. In: Proceedings of European Congress and Exhibition on Powder Metallurgy, Nice, France, October 22–24, pp. 135–140. Baumgartner, R., Tan, L.K., 2002. MIM ‘marries’ metals. Metall. Powder Rep. 57 (3), 38–42. Beard, B.D., Crump, M.W., Stuart, T.L. Process of metal injection molding multiple dissimilar materials to form composite parts. European Patent 1 300,209 A2 (2002). Bose, A., 2003. Net shaping concepts for tungsten alloys and composites. Powder Metall. 46 (2), 121–126. Bose, A., German, R.M., 1988a. Potential of powder injection molding and hot isostatic pressing of nickel aluminide matrix composites. Ind. Heat. 55 (5), 38–41. Bose, A., German, R.M., 1988b. Novel processing approaches to intermetallic matrix composite. Adv. Mater. Manuf. Processes 3 (1), 37–56. Bose, A., Jerman, G., German, R.M., 1989. Rhenium alloying of tungsten heavy alloys. Powder Metall. Int. 21 (3), 9–13. Bose, A., Zhang, H., Kemp, P., German, R.M., 1990. Injection molding of molybdenum treated tungsten heavy alloy. Adv. Powder Metall. 3, 401–413. Bose, A., Alman, D.E., Stoloff, N.A., 1992. Powder injection molding and reactive processing of alumina reinforced Ni(Al,Si) matrix composites. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate materials, vol. 9, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 21–26, pp. 209–222. Bruhn, J., Terselius, B., 1999. MIM offers increased application for submicron WC–10%Co. Metall. Powder Rep. 54 (1), 30–33. Chaki, T.K., Wang, P.E., 1994. Densification and strengthening of silver-reinforce hydroxyapatite–matrix composite prepared by sintering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 5 (8), 533–542. Chu, C.L., Xue, X.Y., Zhu, J.C., Yin, Z.D., 2004. Mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite reinforced with 40 vol.% titanium particles for use and hard tissue replacement. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 15, 665–670. Decker, R.F., 1989. Net shape metals and MMCs produced by thixmolding. Mater. Process. Rep. 4 (9), 1–2. Diehl, W., Detlev, S., 1990. Injection moulding of superalloys and intermetallic phases. Metall. Powder Rep. 45 (3), 333–334, 336–338. Fan, J.L., Huang, B.Y., Qu, X.H., 2001a. Rheological behavior of W–Ni–Fe nanostructured powder. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 30 (2), 127–130. Fan, J.L., Huang, B.Y., Qu, X.H., 2001b. Rheological behavior and sintering characteristic of nanocrystal W–Ni–Fe powder. J. Central South Univ. Technol. 32 (1), 66–69. Fan, J.L., Huang, B.Y., Qu, X.H., 2002. MIM of mechanically alloyed nanoscale W–Ni–Fe powder. Int. J. Powder Metall. 38 (6), 56–61. Fan, J.L., Huang, B.Y., Qu, X.H., 2004. Distortion prediction and control of injection molded tungsten heavy alloys. J. Adv. Mater. 36 (1), 72–74. Fan, J.L., Huang, B.Y., Qu, X.H., 2005. Model of controlling quality and dimension of tungsten alloy injected parts. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 34 (3), 367–370. Fleischer, J., Dieckmann, A.M., 2006. Automation of the powder injection molding process. Microsyst. Technol. 12, 702–706. Fu, G., Loh, N.H., Tor, S.B., Tay, B.Y., Murakoshi, Y., Maeda, R., 2005. Injection molding, debinding and sintering of 316L stainless steel microstructures. Appl. Phys. A81, 495–500. German, R.M., 1990. Powder Injection Molding. MPIF, Princeton, NJ. German, R.M., 1999. Wear applications offer further growth for PIM. Metall. Powder Rep. 54 (6), 24–28. German, R.M., Bose, A., 1989a. Fabrication of intermetallic matrix composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A107, 107–116. German, R.M., Bose, A., 1989b. Fabrication of intermetallic matrix composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A107, 107–112. German, R.M., Bose, A., Kemp, P.B., Zhang, H., 1989. Additive effects on the microstructure and properties of tungsten heavy alloy composites. In: 1989 Advance in Powder
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