EMOTION AND THE BRAIN 175 1999,Kapp et al 1992.Weinberger 1995).Thus,once the amygdala detects dan- ger,It cal ese arousa which can then in nce sensory pro mones(e.g.MeGaugh et al 1995,Damasio 1994).Amygdala regulation of the stimu et al 196.199 1900) In humans,damage to the amygdala interferes with implicit emotional mem- ories but not explicit memories about emotions,whereas damage to the medial with in Although explicit memories with and without emotional content are formed by way of the medial temporal lobe system,those with emotional content differ from those wth out sucn former tend tob nng and mor antag efect of emotion on declarative memory (CahillMcGaugh1).which su gests that the amygdala can modulate the storage of explicit memories in areas ame tm tempora dala al 10021B events may trigger fear reactions by way of these projections to the amygdala Although there has been relatively little work on the role of the amygdala in cognitive-emotional interactions,the importance of the amygdala as Melges 1969)Gi the ions be the ydala corical areas,this topic is begging for research. WHAT ABOUT FEELINGS? Consciousness is an important part of the study of emotion and other mental proc ough we are I rom understan what con e thi can he ed and contrasted and mentally manipulated(Baddeley 1992).A variety of studies of humans and non- especially the dorsolateral pre area we n-Rak al re Br et al 9 Carter et al 199).Immediately present stimuli and stored represen- tations are integrated in working memory by way of interactions between pre- fro tal areas, sensory processing systems(w ch serve as short-term memory memory sy EMOTION AND THE BRAIN 175 1999, Kapp et al 1992, Weinberger 1995). Thus, once the amygdala detects dan￾ger, it can activate these arousal systems, which can then influence sensory pro￾cessing. The bodily responses initiated by the amygdala can also influence cortical areas, by way of feedback either from proprioceptive or visceral signals or hor￾mones (e.g. McGaugh et al 1995, Damasio 1994). Amygdala regulation of the cortex by either direct or indirect routes could facilitate the processing of stimuli that signal danger even if such stimuli occur outside the attention field (Armony et al 1996, 1998; Armony & LeDoux 1999). In humans, damage to the amygdala interferes with implicit emotional mem￾ories but not explicit memories about emotions, whereas damage to the medial temporal lobe memory system interferes with explicit memories about emotions but not with implicit emotional memories (Bechara et al 1995, LaBar et al 1995). Although explicit memories with and without emotional content are formed by way of the medial temporal lobe system, those with emotional content differ from those without such content. The former tend to be longer lasting and more vivid (see Christianson 1989, Cahill & McGaugh 1998). Lesions of the amygdala or systemic administration of a beta-adrenergic antagonist prevent this amplifying effect of emotion on declarative memory (Cahill & McGaugh 1998), which sug￾gests that the amygdala can modulate the storage of explicit memories in cortical areas. At the same time, the medial temporal lobe memory system projects to the amygdala (Amaral et al 1992). Retrieval of long-term memories of traumatic events may trigger fear reactions by way of these projections to the amygdala. Although there has been relatively little work on the role of the amygdala in cognitive-emotional interactions, the importance of the amygdala as a bridge between emotion and attention was pointed out over thirty years ago (e.g. Pribram & Melges 1969). Given the extensive connections between the amygdala and cortical areas, this topic is begging for research. WHAT ABOUT FEELINGS? Consciousness is an important part of the study of emotion and other mental processes. Although we are far from understanding what consciousness is, a num￾ber of theorists have proposed that it may be related to working memory, a serially organized mental workspace where things can be compared and contrasted and mentally manipulated (Baddeley 1992). A variety of studies of humans and non￾human primates point to the prefrontal cortex, especially the dorsolateral pre￾frontal areas––as well as the anterior cingulate and orbital cortical regions––as being involved in working memory (Fuster 1998, Goldman-Rakic 1996, Braver et al 1997, Carter et al 1998). Immediately present stimuli and stored represen￾tations are integrated in working memory by way of interactions between pre￾frontal areas, sensory processing systems (which serve as short-term memory buffers, as well as perceptual processors), and the long-term explicit (declarative) memory system involving the hippocampus and related areas of the temporal lobe