74 工程科学学报，第44卷.第1期 表1 SPESC语法模型 Table 1 SPESC grammar model Contract module name Module description Grammar definition Contract framework Contract ::Title{Parties+Assets+Terms+Additions+Signs+) The contract title may consist of the of the contract name and the contract number. Title::=contract Cname (:serial Contract title number Chash)? The description of contract party can include the party's name,address,account Contract party number,and other attributes and values owned by this party,and technical measures Parties::=party group?Pname such as the party's identity authentication can be adopted to ensure the uniqueness of (field+) its identity. The contract subject refers to the object that the rights and obligations of the parties point to together,which is generally divided into things,behaviors,intellectual Assets::=asset Aname{info{field+ Contract subject achievements,etc.Contract subject is represented by asset in the smart legal contract, )right(field+) and the description of such assets should exist in the blockchain. Asset expression The asset expression used for the reference of a certain asset in contracting terms. AssetExpressions::=$(amount)? (right of)?Aname The party can deposit assets voluntarily from his party account to contract account.The deposit operation is applied into the transaction of action execution in the term,in Deposit which the party can designate the deposited assets directly by asset expression,and Deposits::=deposit(value restrict the assets through comparing two values by relational operation to determine RelationOperator)?AssetExpression their relationship.The latter is used to grant the permission for transferring the Asset operations designated assets only if the relationship is satisfied. Withdraw The party can withdraw assets from contract account in the execution of terms,where Withdraws::=withdraw the assets are designated by the asset expression. AssetExpression Transfer The party can transfer assets from contract account to other party account in the Transfers::=transfer execution of terms. AssetExpression to target GeneralTerms::=term Tname: General terms include the term's name,the term's parties,the rights and obligations of Pname (mustcancannot) General terms the parties(actions that must,can or are prohibited),the execution conditions of the action(field+) term,the asset transactions,and the post-conditions to be satisfied after the execution (when preCondition)? of the term. (while transactions+)? (where postCondition)?. Breach terms refer to the legal liability to be assumed when the parties agreed by both BreachTerms::=breach term Bname Contract parties do not perform the obligations stipulated in the smart legal contract or perform (against Tname+)?:Pname terms the obligations that do not conform to the contract.When the post-condition of the Breach terms designated terms is not satisfied and the pre-condition of the breach term is satisfied, (mustlcan)action(field+) the related party must or can take action for setting the defaults,which may require to (when preCondition)? (while transactions+)? enforce asset operations and satisfy the post-condition of the breach term for the result (where postCondition)?. of enforcement. Arbitration terms stipulates the method to solve controversy in smart legal contracts. ArbitrationTerms ::arbitration term: Arbitration terms The specific cooverycan be stated by nature language and an arbtrationnsuo(The statement of any conroversy)? may be designated. administered by institution: instName. Additional information can define necessary supplementary information in smart legal Additional information Additions::=field +(addition contract,including entity's attribute,contract object,the property and signature of Dname (field+) guarantor,additional term,program variable,and the declaration of data structure. 断完善，如合约标的表示和实现、违约条款后续处 种支持智能合约可执行程序部署、运行、验证的 理、订立过程规范化、证据保全、仲裁流程等内容 信息网络系统. 4智能合约系统架构及法律化辨析 从计算模型角度来看，区块链中的交易记录 能够记录账户所持有货币的所有权状态以及预先 4.1智能合约架构描述 定义好的“状态转换函数”，当其他交易或可信外 智能合约平台是智能合约架构的基础，也为 部事件发生时，它将依据“状态转换函数”转变为 合约条款履行提供计算环境，以区块链为基础，智 新的状态，写入到交易记录并往复上述过程.上述 能合约平台通过提供丰富的编程语言，使开发人 “状态转换函数”可视为预定义的合约代码，表征 员得以实现任意价值的交换2]智能合约平台 当事人可行使权利和履行义务.同时，从法律视角 定义如下： 来看，激活“状态转移函数”的条款运行机制必须 定义6（智能合约平台）：智能合约平台是指一 获得当事人授权.断完善，如合约标的表示和实现、违约条款后续处 理、订立过程规范化、证据保全、仲裁流程等内容. 4    智能合约系统架构及法律化辨析 4.1    智能合约架构描述 智能合约平台是智能合约架构的基础，也为 合约条款履行提供计算环境，以区块链为基础，智 能合约平台通过提供丰富的编程语言，使开发人 员得以实现任意价值的交换[28] . 智能合约平台[29] 定义如下： 定义 6（智能合约平台）：智能合约平台是指一 种支持智能合约可执行程序部署、运行、验证的 信息网络系统. 从计算模型角度来看，区块链中的交易记录 能够记录账户所持有货币的所有权状态以及预先 定义好的“状态转换函数”. 当其他交易或可信外 部事件发生时，它将依据“状态转换函数”转变为 新的状态，写入到交易记录并往复上述过程. 上述 “状态转换函数”可视为预定义的合约代码，表征 当事人可行使权利和履行义务. 同时，从法律视角 来看，激活“状态转移函数”的条款运行机制必须 获得当事人授权. 表 1  SPESC 语法模型 Table 1 SPESC grammar model Contract module name Module description Grammar definition Contract framework Contract ::= Title{ Parties+ Assets+ Terms+ Additions+ Signs+} Contract title The contract title may consist of the of the contract name and the contract number. Title::=contract Cname (:serial number Chash)? Contract party The description of contract party can include the party’s name, address, account number, and other attributes and values owned by this party, and technical measures such as the party’s identity authentication can be adopted to ensure the uniqueness of its identity. Parties ::=party group? Pname {field+ } Contract subject The contract subject refers to the object that the rights and obligations of the parties point to together, which is generally divided into things, behaviors, intellectual achievements, etc. Contract subject is represented by asset in the smart legal contract, and the description of such assets should exist in the blockchain. Assets ::= asset Aname{ info{ field+ } right{ field+ }} Asset expression The asset expression used for the reference of a certain asset in contracting terms. AssetExpressions ::= $ (amount)? (right of)? Aname Asset operations Deposit The party can deposit assets voluntarily from his party account to contract account. The deposit operation is applied into the transaction of action execution in the term, in which the party can designate the deposited assets directly by asset expression, and restrict the assets through comparing two values by relational operation to determine their relationship. The latter is used to grant the permission for transferring the designated assets only if the relationship is satisfied. Deposits ::= deposit (value RelationOperator)? AssetExpression Withdraw The party can withdraw assets from contract account in the execution of terms, where the assets are designated by the asset expression. Withdraws ::= withdraw AssetExpression Transfer The party can transfer assets from contract account to other party account in the execution of terms. Transfers ::= transfer AssetExpression to target Contract terms General terms General terms include the term’s name, the term’s parties, the rights and obligations of the parties (actions that must, can or are prohibited), the execution conditions of the term, the asset transactions, and the post-conditions to be satisfied after the execution of the term. GeneralTerms ::= term Tname: Pname (must|can|cannot) action(field+) (when preCondition)? (while transactions+)? (where postCondition)?. Breach terms Breach terms refer to the legal liability to be assumed when the parties agreed by both parties do not perform the obligations stipulated in the smart legal contract or perform the obligations that do not conform to the contract. When the post-condition of the designated terms is not satisfied and the pre-condition of the breach term is satisfied, the related party must or can take action for setting the defaults, which may require to enforce asset operations and satisfy the post-condition of the breach term for the result of enforcement. BreachTerms ::= breach term Bname (against Tname+)? : Pname (must|can) action(field+) (when preCondition)? (while transactions+)? (where postCondition)?. Arbitration terms Arbitration terms stipulates the method to solve controversy in smart legal contracts. The specific controversy can be stated by nature language and an arbitration institution may be designated. ArbitrationTerms ::= arbitration term: (The statement of any controversy)? administered by institution : instName. Additional information Additional information can define necessary supplementary information in smart legal contract, including entity’s attribute, contract object, the property and signature of guarantor, additional term, program variable, and the declaration of data structure. Additions ::= field + | (addition Dname {field+}) · 74 · 工程科学学报，第 44 卷，第 1 期