The Spectrum and Molecular Effects Wavelength(A) Energy Molecular effects higher frequency cm kcal/mol shorter wavelength 109 gamma rays 106 107 X rays 104 ionization vacuum UV 102 10-5 near UV electronic transitions 10-4 visible 10 infrared 10-3 molecular vibrations (R) 1 10-2 101 microwave 10-4 rotational motion 102 lower frequency radio 104 10-6 nuclear spin transitions longer wavelength =>Chapter 12 5 The Spectrum and Molecular Effects => =>