Organic Chemistry,5th Edition L.G.Wade,Jr. Chapter 12 Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Jo Blackburn Richland College,Dallas,TX Dallas County Community College District ©2003，Prentice Hall
Chapter 12 Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District © 2003, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr
Introduction Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. It destroys little or no sample. The amount of light absorbed by the sample is measured as wavelength is varied. Chapter 12
Chapter 12 2 Introduction • Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. • It destroys little or no sample. • The amount of light absorbed by the sample is measured as wavelength is varied. =>
Types of Spectroscopy Infrared (IR)spectroscopy measures the bond vibration frequencies in a molecule and is used to determine the functional group. Mass spectrometry (MS)fragments the molecule and measures the masses. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy detects signals from hydrogen atoms and can be used to distinguish isomers. Ultraviolet (UV)spectroscopy uses electron transitions to determine bonding patterns.= Chapter 12 3
Chapter 12 3 Types of Spectroscopy • Infrared (IR) spectroscopy measures the bond vibration frequencies in a molecule and is used to determine the functional group. • Mass spectrometry (MS) fragments the molecule and measures the masses. • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy detects signals from hydrogen atoms and can be used to distinguish isomers. • Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy uses electron transitions to determine bonding patterns. =>
Electromagnetic Spectrum Examples:X rays,microwaves,radio waves,visible light,IR,and UV. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. .c=Av,where c is the speed of light. Energy per photon hv,where h is Planck's constant. Chapter 12
Chapter 12 4 Electromagnetic Spectrum • Examples: X rays, microwaves, radio waves, visible light, IR, and UV. • Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. • c = ln, where c is the speed of light. • Energy per photon = hn, where h is Planck’s constant. =>
The Spectrum and Molecular Effects Wavelength(A) Energy Molecular effects higher frequency cm kcal/mol shorter wavelength 109 gamma rays 106 107 X rays 104 ionization vacuum UV 102 10-5 near UV electronic transitions 10-4 visible 10 infrared 10-3 molecular vibrations (R) 1 10-2 101 microwave 10-4 rotational motion 102 lower frequency radio 104 10-6 nuclear spin transitions longer wavelength =>
Chapter 12 5 The Spectrum and Molecular Effects => =>
The IR Region Just below red in the visible region. Wavelengths usually 2.5-25 um. More common units are wavenumbers, or cm-1,the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters. Wavenumbers are proportional to frequency and energy. 三> Chapter 12
Chapter 12 6 The IR Region • Just below red in the visible region. • Wavelengths usually 2.5-25 mm. • More common units are wavenumbers, or cm-1 , the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters. • Wavenumbers are proportional to frequency and energy. =>
Molecular Vibrations Covalent bonds vibrate at only certain allowable frequencies. spring force spring force ○y0000○○T○○C equilibrium stretched compressed bond length => Chapter 12 7
Chapter 12 7 Molecular Vibrations Covalent bonds vibrate at only certain allowable frequencies. =>
Stretching Frequencies Bond Energy Stretching Frequency Bond [kcal (kJ)] (cm-) Frequency dependence on atomic masses C一H 100(420) 3000 C一D heavier 100 (420) 2100 v decreases C-C atoms 83 (350) 1200↓ Frequency dependence on bond energies C-C 83 (350) 1200 stronger C=C 146 (611) bond 1660 7 increases C=C 200 (840) 2200↓ Frequency decreases with increasing atomic weight. Frequency increases with increasing bond energy. Chapter 12
Chapter 12 8 Stretching Frequencies • Frequency decreases with increasing atomic weight. • Frequency increases with increasing bond energy. =>
Vibrational Modes Nonlinear molecule with n atoms usually has 3n-6 fundamental vibrational modes. symmetric stretching antisymmetric stretching bending(scissoring) Chapter 12
Chapter 12 9 Vibrational Modes Nonlinear molecule with n atoms usually has 3n - 6 fundamental vibrational modes. =>
Fingerprint of Molecule Whole-molecule vibrations and bending vibrations are also quantitized. No two molecules will give exactly the same IR spectrum(except enantiomers) Simple stretching:1600-3500 cm-1. Complex vibrations:600-1400 cm-1, called the“fingerprint region.” 二> Chapter 12 10
Chapter 12 10 Fingerprint of Molecule • Whole-molecule vibrations and bending vibrations are also quantitized. • No two molecules will give exactly the same IR spectrum (except enantiomers). • Simple stretching: 1600-3500 cm-1 . • Complex vibrations: 600-1400 cm-1 , called the “fingerprint region.” =>