A.R. Boccaccini, 1. Zhitomirsky/ Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6(2002)251-260 257 4. Conclusions EPD and ELD are very versatile and cost-effective eramic processing techniques. The last 2 years have seen a significant increment of the applications areas where EPD and eld are used with substantial technical advan- tages, which can lead to commercial success and large- F Probably one of the most promising areas of applica- tions of both EPD and ELD is in SOFC manufacturing, as the increasing number of related publications and patents show. Specific areas where the use of EPD is expected to increase are: fabrication of ceramic matrix composites, functionally graded materials, laminated ceramics and 15akU586E31337/88 cluding dielectric, superconducting, semiconducting and bioactive coatings. The synthesis of ceramic nano-struc Fig 4. SEM micrograph of an advanced hybrid ceria-PDDA/zirconia- tures may become another area where EPD will show PDDA laminate film(F)on a graphite substrate(S)prepared by ELd advantages over other techniques, as the (limited)work following the method developed in Ref [81] carried out so far indicates. In the mentioned application areas. epd has significant industrial relevance and com- mercial advantage over other fabrication routes, as it can be readily scaled up using inexpensive equipment which cannot be attained with single-phase materials ELD is increasingly being used for preparation of Important applications of the hybrid films were discussed nanostructured thin films for various applications. This in Refs.[*82,12] technique provides many new possibilities in design of novel materials and devices. Important directions for future development include electrode materials, ferroelectric and 3.6. Other applications magnetic films, hybrid films, photonic crystals, and materi- Electrolytic deposition is being extensively studied for It is also recognized that further research efforts in the the preparation of copper oxide thin films [831 field of analytical and numerical modeling of the EPD and Substantial progress has also been made in electro- ELD processes are mandatory, in order to change the chemical preparation of MnO, films [84] Special atten- empirical, non-satisfactory time consuming trial-and-error tion has been paid to the influence of microstructure on approach which has dominated the experimental work and electrochemical properties of manganese oxide films technological developments in the area so far [85, 86]. Possible deposition mechanisms have been pro- posed and the electrochromic properties of the films have been described [ 86] Acknowledgements Electrodeposition has created important opportunities in preparation of thin films for catalytic applications. A novel ARB acknowledges financial support from the Nuffield electrochemical route for preparation of composite Pb and Foundation( London, UK) Co oxide films has been reported by Cattarin et al. [87].It is significant that the composites exhibited much higher catalytic activity compared to similar materials prepared by other electrochemical methods References Of particular importance is the recently demonstrated lity of electrochemical metal oxide photopatterning on Papers of particular interest, published within the annual n-and p-type silicon. Choi and Buriak [**88] developed period of review, have been highlighted as bipolar electrochemical techniques for patterning of silicon of special interest; illuminated through a photomask. The authors pro ** of outstanding interest deposition mechanisms and applied the techniques for Zno, CeO2 and Cr2O3. The ability to perform electrodepo- [1] Gani MSJ. Electrophoretic deposition. A review. Ind Ceram 994:14:163-74 sition on specific, localized areas of substrates is important (*2] Sarkar P, Nicholson PS. Electrophoretic deposition(EPD): Mecha- for fabrication of various electronic devices and in nisms, kinetics, and application to ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 996, 79: 1987-2002, Excellent comprehensive review, coveringA.R. Boccaccini, I. Zhitomirsky / Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6 (2002) 251–260 257 4. Conclusions EPD and ELD are very versatile and cost-effective ceramic processing techniques. The last 2 years have seen a significant increment of the applications areas where EPD and ELD are used with substantial technical advan￾tages, which can lead to commercial success and large￾scale production. Probably one of the most promising areas of applica￾tions of both EPD and ELD is in SOFC manufacturing, as the increasing number of related publications and patents show. Specific areas where the use of EPD is expected to increase are: fabrication of ceramic matrix composites, functionally graded materials, laminated ceramics and coatings for tribological and functional applications, in￾cluding dielectric, superconducting, semiconducting and bioactive coatings. The synthesis of ceramic nano-struc￾Fig. 4. SEM micrograph of an advanced hybrid ceria–PDDA/zirconia– tures may become another area where EPD will show PDDA laminate film (F) on a graphite substrate (S) prepared by ELD advantages over other techniques, as the (limited) work following the method developed in Ref. [*81]. carried out so far indicates. In the mentioned application areas, EPD has significant industrial relevance and com￾mercial advantage over other fabrication routes, as it can be readily scaled up using inexpensive equipment. which cannot be attained with single-phase materials. ELD is increasingly being used for preparation of Important applications of the hybrid films were discussed nanostructured thin films for various applications. This in Refs. [**82,12]. technique provides many new possibilities in design of novel materials and devices. Important directions for future development include electrode materials, ferroelectric and 3 .6. Other applications magnetic films, hybrid films, photonic crystals, and materi￾als for capacitors. Electrolytic deposition is being extensively studied for It is also recognized that further research efforts in the the preparation of copper oxide thin films [*83]. field of analytical and numerical modeling of the EPD and Substantial progress has also been made in electro- ELD processes are mandatory, in order to change the chemical preparation of MnO films [*84]. Special atten- empirical, non-satisfactory time consuming trial-and-error 2 tion has been paid to the influence of microstructure on approach which has dominated the experimental work and electrochemical properties of manganese oxide films technological developments in the area so far. [85,*86]. Possible deposition mechanisms have been pro￾posed and the electrochromic properties of the films have been described [*86]. Acknowledgements Electrodeposition has created important opportunities in preparation of thin films for catalytic applications. A novel ARB acknowledges financial support from the Nuffield electrochemical route for preparation of composite Pb and Foundation (London, UK). Co oxide films has been reported by Cattarin et al. [87]. It is significant that the composites exhibited much higher catalytic activity compared to similar materials prepared by References other electrochemical methods. Of particular importance is the recently demonstrated Papers of particular interest, published within the annual ability of electrochemical metal oxide photopatterning on period of review, have been highlighted as: n- and p-type silicon. Choi and Buriak [**88] developed * of special interest; bipolar electrochemical techniques for patterning of silicon ** of outstanding interest. illuminated through a photomask. The authors proposed deposition mechanisms and applied the techniques for [1] Gani MSJ. Electrophoretic deposition. A review. Ind Ceram ZnO, CeO and Cr O . The ability to perform electrodepo- 2 23 1994;14:163–74. sition on specific, localized areas of substrates is important [**2] Sarkar P, Nicholson PS. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD): Mecha￾for fabrication of various electronic devices and in nisms, kinetics, and application to ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc nanotechnology. 1996;79:1987–2002, Excellent comprehensive review, covering