Manipulation of the injury/response TABLE 1.LETHAL TEMPERATURES FOR CELLS:EXPERIMENTS IN VIVO WITH SINGE FREEZE-THAW(F-T)CYCLES Lethal Authors Year Cell/tissue temperature F-T cycle Gage et al.30 1966 Osteocytes,bone,dog -2℃ 5 min F-slow T Gage et al.35 1979 Melanocytes,skin,dog -4C 4 min F-slow T Smith and Fraser36 1974 Liver,rat -15℃ 3 min F-fast T Rivoire et al.37 1996 Liver,pig -15C 5 min F-slow T Schmidlin et al.38 2001 Kidney,pig -16.1℃ 15 min F-slow T LeFebre and Folke16 1975 Cheek pouch,hamster -18℃ 1 min F-fast T Chosy et al.39 1998 Kidney,pig -19.4℃ 5 min-T? Dow and Waterhouse40 1970 Prostate,dog -20℃ seconds F-slow T Gage et al.41 1982 Skin,dog -40℃ 3 min F-slow T Yamada and Tsubouchi42 1976 Skin,mouse -40℃ 1 min F-slow T Gage43 1978 Palate,dog -40℃ 3 min F-slow T Neel et al.44 1971 Sarcoma,mouse -60℃ 6 min F-slow T Staren et al.45 1997 Adenocarcinoma -70℃ 7 min F-slow T Cells die in progressively greater numbers as the temperature is lowered.In this table,lethal temperatures expresses the temperature at which all of the cited cells appear to be dead.Manipulation of the injury/response