Includes revelatory details on the light-dependent pathways of electron transfer in photosynthesis, based on newly available molecular structure 20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 20.1 Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis 20.2 Photorespiration and the Ca and CAM Pathways 20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose 20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan 20.5 Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell Reorganizes the coverage of photosynthesis and the C and CAM pathways Adds a major new section on the synthesis of cellulose and bacterial peptidoglycan 21 Lipid Biosynthesis 21. 1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and eicosanoids 21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols 21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids 21.4 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids Features an important new section on glyceroneogenesis and the triacylglycerol cycle between adipose tissue and liver, including their roles in fatty acid metabolism (especially during starvation)and the emergence of thiazolidinediones as regulators of glyceroneogenesis in the treatment of type II diabetes Includes a timely new discussion on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the genetic level, with consideration of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPS) 22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and related molecules 22 1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism 22. 2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 22.3 Molecules derived from Amino acids 22. 4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides Adds material on the regulation of nitrogen metabolism at the level of transcription Significantly expands coverage of synthesis and degradation of heme 23. Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism 23.1 Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor 23.2 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism 23.3 Long Term Regulation of Body Mass 23. 4 Hormones: Diverse structures for Diverse functions Reorganized presentation leads students through the complex interactions of tegrated metabolism step by step Features extensively revised coverage of insulin and glucagon metabolism that includes the integration of carbohydrate and fat metabolism lew discussion of the role of AMP-dependent protein kinase in metabolic integration Updates coverage of the fast-moving field of obesity, regulation of body mass, and the leptin and adiponectin regulatory systems Adds a discussion of Ghrelin and pyY3-36 as regulators of short-term eating Covers the effects of diet on the regulation of gene expression, considering the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs) PART III INFORMATION PATHWAYS 24, Genes and chromosomes 24.1 Chromosomal elements 24.2 DNA Supercoiling 24.3 The structure of chromosomesIncludes revelatory details on the light-dependent pathways of electron transfer in photosynthesis, based on newly available molecular structures 20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 20.1 Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis 20.2 Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways 20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose 20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan 20.5 Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell Reorganizes the coverage of photosynthesis and the C4 and CAM pathways Adds a major new section on the synthesis of cellulose and bacterial peptidoglycan 21. Lipid Biosynthesis 21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids 21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols 21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids 21.4 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids Features an important new section on glyceroneogenesis and the triacylglycerol cycle between adipose tissue and liver, including their roles in fatty acid metabolism (especially during starvation) and the emergence of thiazolidinediones as regulators of glyceroneogenesis in the treatment of type II diabetes Includes a timely new discussion on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the genetic level, with consideration of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). 22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules 22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism 22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids 22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides Adds material on the regulation of nitrogen metabolism at the level of transcription Significantly expands coverage of synthesis and degradation of heme 23. Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism 23.1 Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor 23.2 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism 23.3 Long Term Regulation of Body Mass 23.4 Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions Reorganized presentation leads students through the complex interactions of integrated metabolism step by step Features extensively revised coverage of insulin and glucagon metabolism that includes the integration of carbohydrate and fat metabolism New discussion of the role of AMP-dependent protein kinase in metabolic integration Updates coverage of the fast-moving field of obesity, regulation of body mass, and the leptin and adiponectin regulatory systems Adds a discussion of Ghrelin and PYY3-36 as regulators of short-term eating behavior Covers the effects of diet on the regulation of gene expression, considering the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PART III. INFORMATION PATHWAYS 24. Genes and Chromosomes 24.1 Chromosomal Elements 24.2 DNA Supercoiling 24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes