CONTENTS AESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL rogress and Challenges A Corporate Strategy for WHO Ⅺ Improving health outcomes Supporting health sector development A more strategic approach to our work in and with countries Repositioning WHO for the 21st Century PART ONE MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN PEOPLES LIVES ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES CHAPTER 1: HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 2OTH CENTURY The 20th Century Revolution in Human Health The precipitous decline in mortality 112 Demographic transition Sources of mortality decline 5 Health and Economic Productivity Macroeconomic evidence Microeconomic analysis Pathways of influence CHAPTER 2: THE DOUBLE BURDEN EMERGING EPIDEMICS AND PERSISTENT PROBLEMS Emerging Epidemics of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries 14 Noncommunicable diseases Persistent Problems of infectious Diseases and maternal and Child Disability and mortality The unfinished agenda The persisting and evolving challenges The Avoidable burden of disease PART TWO MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE 2IST CENTURY CHAPTER 3 MEETING THE CHALLENGES: HEALTH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Achieving Greater Efficiency Setting priorities Re-thinking incentives to providersMessage from the Director-General iii CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL vii Progress and Challenges viii A Corporate Strategy for WHO xi Improving health outcomes xi Supporting health sector development xiv A more strategic approach to our work in and with countries xv Forging more influential partnerships xvii Repositioning WHO for the 21st Century xviii PART ONE MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN PEOPLE’S LIVES : ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES xxi CHAPTER 1: HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 20TH CENTURY 1 The 20th Century Revolution in Human Health 1 The precipitous decline in mortality 2 Demographic transition 3 Sources of mortality decline 5 Health and Economic Productivity 7 Macroeconomic evidence 8 Microeconomic analysis 9 Pathways of influence 10 CHAPTER 2: THE DOUBLE BURDEN: EMERGING EPIDEMICS AND PERSISTENT PROBLEMS 13 Emerging Epidemics of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries 14 Noncommunicable diseases 15 Injuries 17 Persistent Problems of Infectious Diseases and Maternal ␣ ␣ ␣ ␣ and Child Disability and Mortality 19 The unfinished agenda 20 The persisting and evolving challenges 21 The Avoidable Burden of Disease 22 PART TWO MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY 29 CHAPTER 3: MEETING THE CHALLENGES: HEALTH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 31 Achieving Greater Efficiency 33 Setting priorities 35 Re-thinking incentives to providers 36