STATE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTs 2003 maintain populations of harvested plants and political or economic turmoil, fire, drought and animals at productive levels. The means to other external factors, this adaptability is essential accomplish this will vary, but they must be built to long-term sustainability. The complexity of on sound economic and ecological principles, and factors affecting forests also calls for multiple often on traditional institutions. Establishing levels(local, national and international)of additional well-managed protected areas may at biological diversity protection, providing the least partly restore the balance between hunter redundancy that ensures that all genes, species and prey that has enabled populations to survive and ecosystems are conserved and thrive in rural areas If the potential benefits of conserving forest biological diversity are to be converted into real Benefits for people and society: a systems and perceived goods and services for society at large, and especially for local people, a systems An essential component of any effort for approach is needed. Its elements would include sustainable forest management is the economic at the national level, an integrated set of viability of the various enterprises involved. While protected areas encompassing various levels of timber extraction is the most obvious money- earner, many other economic activities are national, provincial and local governments, possible. Furthermore, if local people can benefit non-governmental organizations(NGOs), ally from enterprises that depend on the biological diversity of the forest, they might private sector and other stakeholders reasonably be expected to support the (MCNeely, 1999); conservation and sustainable use of forest within the framework of market-based ecosystems. Salafsky et al. (2001)tested this idea extensively across 39 sites in Asia and the Pacific civil society in economic development, through such activities as ecotourism, distilling extending to the management of both essential oils from wild plant roots, producing production forests and protected areas, jams and jellies from forest fruits, collecting other especially for tourism and the sustainable use forest products and sustainably harvesting timber of certain natural resources (Szaro and The study concluded that a community-based Johnston, 1996): enterprise strategy can indeed lead to a large geographical scale(sometimes called a t only under condi bioregion) for resource management depend on external factors, such as market access. programmes, within which protected areas are Moreover, any such enterprise can be sustainable considered components in a varied landsca only if it can adapt to changing circumstances Because many forested areas are subject to grounds, human settlements and infrastructures(Miller, 1996); indigenous people, other local communities, dustry and resource users enterprises that depend on the biological diversity of the for does this seller traditional medicines derived from forest be expected to support the conservation and sustainable use of forest ecosystems2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 92 and plants harvested of populations maintain to means The. levels productive at animals built be must they but, vary will this accomplish and, principles ecological and economic sound on Establishing. institutions traditional on often at may areas protected managed-well additional hunter between balance the restore partly least survive to populations enabled has that prey and .areas rural in thrive and systems a: society and people for Benefits approach for effort any of component essential An economic the is management forest sustainable While. involved enterprises various the of viability are activities economic other many, earner￾money obvious most the is extraction timber benefit can people local if, Furthermore. possible the on depend that enterprises from financially might they, forest the of diversity biological the support to expected be reasonably forest of use sustainable and conservation idea this tested) 2001. (al et Salafsky. ecosystems Pacific the and Asia in sites 39 across extensively distilling, ecotourism as activities such through producing, roots plant wild from oils essential other collecting, fruits forest from jellies and jams .timber harvesting sustainably and products forest based-community a that concluded study The to lead indeed can strategy enterprise that conditions under only but, conservation .access market as such, factors external on depend sustainable be can enterprise such any, Moreover .circumstances changing to adapt can it if only to subject are areas forested many Because and drought, fire, turmoil economic or political essential is adaptability this, factors external other of complexity The. sustainability term-long to multiple for calls also forests affecting factors of) international and national, local (levels the providing, protection diversity biological species, genes all that ensures that redundancy .conserved are ecosystems and forest conserving of benefits potential the If real into converted be to are diversity biological at society for services and goods perceived and systems a, people local for especially and, large :include would elements Its. needed is approach of set integrated an, level national the at• of levels various encompassing areas protected including, administration and management ,governments local and provincial, national ,(NGOs (organizations governmental-non the, people indigenous, communities local stakeholders other and sector private ;(1999, McNeely( based-market of framework the within• by participation greater, systems economic ,development economic in society civil both of management the to extending ,areas protected and forests production use sustainable the and tourism for especially and Szaro (resources natural certain of ;(1996, Johnston a called sometimes (scale geographical large a• management resource for) bioregion are areas protected which within, programmes ,landscape varied a in components considered fishing, forests production, farms including and settlements human, grounds ;(1996, Miller (infrastructures ,landowners private among cooperation• ,communities local other, people indigenous ;users resource and industry from financially benefit people local If biological the on depend that enterprises seller this does as – forest the of diversity and ointments, creams, oils of forest from derived medicines traditional reasonably might they – Brazil in plants conservation the support to expected be COMMUNITY FAO ecosystems forest of use sustainable and FAIDUTTI. 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