vii CONTENTS Parliament on the Eve of the Presidential Election 103 A Dark Horse Emerges 113 Election of Hsu Shih-ch'ang and Rejection of Ts'ao K'un 116 Hsu Shih-ch'ang and the Prospects for Peace 124 V.THE DRIVE FOR PEACE AND THE ROAD TO WAR,1918-20 128 Factional Alignments North and South 130 Hsu's Peace Ofensive 138 TABLES AND FIGURES A New Cabinet and Peace Delegations 144 Progress at Shanghai 150 The Anfu Club Counterofensive 155 The Peking Government and the Incident of May 4 158 Tuan Ch'i-jui's Dilemma 163 The Outbreak of War 172 TABLES Factionalism and Frustration,1918-20 175 1.Registered Voters for Elections to 1918 Parliament 94 VI.THE RETURN TO CONSTITUTIONAL ORTHODOXY,1922 176 2.Allied Delegations 102 Chihli's Proposal and the Response 176 3.Contested Delegations 104 The Old Parliament's Agitation for Restoration 182 4.Nonprovincial Delegations 105 The Return of Li Yuan-hung 186 FIGURES The Rise and Fall of the "Able Men Cabinet' 193 1.Some Factional Configurations 33 VII.THE REPUBLIC DEBASED,1923 201 2.Portion of Personal Faction of Tuan Ch'i-jui 227 A Duel of Wits:Li Versus Ts'ao 201 3.The Chihli Clique in 1922-23:Selected Major Militarists and Toppling Li Yuan-hung 206 Civilian Followers of Ts'ao and Wu 234 Ts'ao K'un Buys the Presidency 211 4.The Research Clique in Peking Politics 240 Final Disillusionment 219 5.Communications Clique and New Communications Clique Cores 246 VIIL.CONCLUSION 221 6.Political Study Group in Parliament 254 7.I-yu she Leadership in Parliament 258 APPENDIX:PROFILES OF MAJOR FACTIONS 225 The Tuan Ch'i-jui Faction and the Anfu Club 226 The Chihli Clique 232 The Research Clique 239 The Communications Clique 245 The New Communications Clique 251 The Political Study Group 253 The I-yu She 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 263 GLOSSARY 278 INDEX 285 ix