1/26/2016 Endotoxins Survival located in the bacterial cell Released during bacterial multiplication and when gram-negative bacteria die and the cells undergo lysis -Stimulate macrophages to release cytokines -At high levels cytokines are toxic Cause blood clots Sepsis:presence of a toxin or bacteria in blood and tissue Septic shock:a sudden drop in blood pressure induced by bacterial toxins. 3 out of 1000 people develop septic shock each year One third die within a month and half die within a year 153 Plasmids,Lysogeny,and Pathogenicity Bacterium ○ Plasmids may carry genes for toxins,antibiotic resistance,virulence factors,and enzymes Bacterial Plasmid chromosome Lysogenic conversion changes characterisfics of a microbe due to incorporation of a bacteriophage into the chromosome (prophage) 1/26/2016 13 Endotoxins located in the bacterial cell • Released during bacterial multiplication and h w en gram-negati b t i di d tive bacteria die and the cells undergo lysis – Stimulate macrophages to release cytokines – At high levels cytokines are toxic – Cause blood clots Cytokine: a small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response and may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation. • Sepsis: presence of a toxin or bacteria in blood and tissue • Septic shock: a sudden drop in blood pressure induced by bacterial toxins. • 3 out of 1000 people develop septic shock each year • One third die within a month and half die within a year Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity Plasmids may carry genes for toxins, antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and enzymes Lysogenic conversion changes characteristics of a microbe due to incorporation of a bacteriophage into the chromosome (prophage) Prophage