identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about immediate extermal world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not his perception, for when the matched disc, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print sleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called"autistic" perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much so, than any normal percept. darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, for the 56. The underlined"It"in line 7, paragraph I refers to person recorded things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for A)perception the person also recorded things as they look. he did better than the camera because he made B)one of the experiments them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed C)the answer perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of D) the photographic analogy computation he received a more accurate record of the extemal world than could the camera 57. The first experiment shows that In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a color card the colors of two A)a person could record the extermal world more accurately than a camera pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are colored and equal B)a camera could record the external would as it really was shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the C)a person could record the extemal world as it really was donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual D)a person could record the extemal world in more on less the same way as a camera could sorld compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this 58. In the third experiment A)everybody has to go hungry because they will be asked to look at pictures of food In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the B) people are asked to change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst C) people are asked to describe the lightness of the pictures When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people D) satiated people see less clearly than hungry or thirsty people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest(i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food one less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with"drink" pictures. For the satiated A)usually go mad group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception B) dream very easily serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is C) lack perceptual experience determined by more than just the stimulus D)experience usual things The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton or wool. or floating naked in water (B) at body temperature, people are deprived of considerable periods of extermal stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of Genghis Khan, the great Mongol conqueror, was born in about 1162. His father, a petty perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such Mongol chieftain, named the boy Temujin, after a defeated rival chieftain. When Temujin was an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the his father was killed by members of a rival tribe, and for some years the surviving4 identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched disc, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, for the person recorded things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of the external world than could the camera. In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a color card the colors of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are colored and equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility. In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food one less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus. The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton or wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived of considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called “autistic” perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept. 56. The underlined “it” in line 7, paragraph 1 refers to . A) perception B) one of the experiments C) the answer D) the photographic analogy 57. The first experiment shows that . A) a person could record the external world more accurately than a camera B) a camera could record the external would as it really was C)a person could record the external world as it really was D) a person could record the external world in more on less the same way as a camera could 58. In the third experiment, . A) everybody has to go hungry because they will be asked to look at pictures of food B) people are asked to change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright C) people are asked to describe the lightness of the pictures D) satiated people see less clearly than hungry or thirsty people 59. People deprived of sense in this fourth experiment . A) usually go mad B) dream very easily C) lack perceptual experience D) experience usual things ( B ) Genghis Khan, the great Mongol conqueror, was born in about 1162. His father, a petty Mongol chieftain, named the boy Temujin, after a defeated rival chieftain. When Temujin was nine, his father was killed by members of a rival tribe, and for some years the surviving