roles in these other societies but the chief and this office of the chief are not inherently created supported and sustained by religion and mythology in and on-going and perpetual basis. At the same time the chief will be supported by a group of close but lower-ranked kinsmen, and he wi be succeeded by his descendants Aristocracies are created in both religion and history in a manner that differs sharply from domestic-type tribal societies. Whereas Australian aborigines used totemism and The Dreaming to create loosely based territorial and kin groups and their leaders, Pacific Islanders used religious precepts and myth to identify and expand the political community and to support the superiority of individual chiefs and their aristocratic descent groups Goldman thus argues that the Polynesian chiefdom is best understood not in relation to political or economic processes per se. They are not just the result of the needs of a large or dense population for political administration to organize production and solve problems. Rather, chiefdoms are fundamentally a system of social status, a permanent office, that has economic and political consequences. Goldman define status system as The principles that define worth and more specifically honor, that establish the scales of personal and group value, that relate position or role to privileges and obligations, that Status is equal to honor. Status systems are found in all societies but where age, gender and personal qualities are the main criteria- as in domestic-scale societies--relative equality are likely to prevail. Emphasis on hereditary rank creates a different situation. This system is based on ascribed status. rather than achieved status The state States are the most formal and complex form of government. A state can be defined as a hierarchical form of political organization that governs many communities within a large geographic area. State systems first appeared about 3500 B. C, and are associated with civilizations. They are thus usually part of a complex network of socioeconomic complexity For example, we often think of the civilizations of the fertile crescent of present date Iraq as having the first advanced system of agriculture for feeding large numbers of people. This system required a state system of government and regulation to keep it functioning. Such system have given rise to cities, a complex division of labor, a system for distributing of goods, social stratification and inequality of persons, and foreign trade least a self-imposed right to use force in order to protect themselves. They are often, but mo 9 Generally, states maintain the authority to collect taxes, recruit soldiers for armies, and hold always, bureaucratic organizations composed of legislative, administrative, and judicial functions although these are sometimes held not with bureaucratic bodies but within a single person or group of elite persons. Personal affiliation within the state may be either by ethnic affiliation such as in some traditional African states-or by geographic residence within particular