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田 H,O JAc]x(c+x) HHAc] ,∵x<<1,而c酸、C盘都大大大于1.0×105 mol-dm 时 K pH=pK -Ig C酸 或者pH=pK+lg (2)一元弱碱及其离子型盐( weak monobases and ionic salts)以NH3~NH4Cl为例 NH3+H20= NH4+OH 平衡时( moldm3)cw-x x x·(C+x)xC Sample Solution 3: What is the ph of a buffer solution that is 0. 12mol-dm-3in lactic acid HC3 O3, and 0. 10mol dm-3sodium lactate? For lactic acid, K=1.4x 10 Solution: HC3 H5O3(aq)= I(aq)+C, H Or(ag) x0.10+x HJC3H5O]x·( 3H,, 0 Ka ∴x<<1,0.10+x≡0.10,0.12-X三0.12 0.12K a=1.2×14×10+=1.7×10( mol- dm-3) pH=-lg(1.7x104)=377或者pH=p+lg=3.85+(-0.08)=377 Practice Exercise: Calculate the pH of a buffer composed of 0. 12mol-dm" benzonic acid and 0.20mol-dm-3 sodium benzoate. For benzonic acid Ka=6.5x10-5. Answer: 4.41 Sample Exercise4:已知K1so=126×10°,试求0.1 mol-dmt3HSO溶液的pH Solution HSO =H+ SO 0 0.1 x(0.1+x) 1.26×10 x2+0.1126x-126×10-3=0 0.1 x=0.0103( mol-dm-3),∴[H]=0.1103 mol- dm H=0.957 (3)当溶液的H3O或OH离子浓度接近10-7时,必须考虑水的离解。例如浓度为 106mol-dm-3的盐酸稀释100倍后,其溶液的pH值为: H2O= x·(x+108)=Kw=1.0×10 x2+103x-1.0×10=0解得x=9.51×103( mol- dm-3) ∴[=1.0×103+9.51×103=1051×107( mol-dm3),pH=69866 3 [H O ][Ac ] ( ) [HAc] a x c x K c x + −  + = = − 盐 酸 ,∵ x  1,而 c 酸、c 盐都大大大于 1.010−5mol·dm−3 时,c 酸 −x  c 酸,c 盐 + x  c 盐 ∴ a x c K c   盐 酸 , 3 [H O ] K c a c + =  酸 盐 ∴ a pH p lg c K c = − 酸 盐 ,或者 a pH p lg c K c = + 盐 酸 (2) 一元弱碱及其离子型盐(weak monobases and ionic salts) 以 NH3 ~ NH4Cl 为例 NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH- 平衡时(mol·dm−3 ) c 碱 -x x c 盐 + x b ( ) ( ) x c x x c K c x c  +  =  − 盐 盐 酸 碱 ∴ b [OH ] K c c − =  碱 盐 , b b pOH p lg p lg c c K K c c = − = + 碱 盐 盐 碱 Sample Solution 3:What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.12mol·dm−3 in lactic acid , HC3H5O3 , and 0.10mol·dm−3 sodium lactate? For lactic acid,Ka = 1.4 10−4 . Solution: HC3H5O3(aq) H aq C H O aq 3 5 3 ( ) ( ) + − + 0.12 − x x 0.10 + x 3 5 3 3 5 3 [H ][C H O ] (0.10 ) [HC H O ] 0.12 a x x K x + −  + = = − ∵ Ka <<1, ∴ x x x  +  −  1 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 , , ∴ 0.12 4 4 [H ] 1.2 1.4 10 1.7 10 0.10 K a x + − − = = =   =  (mol·dm−3) pH = −lg(1.710−4 ) = 3.77 或者 pH = lg 3.85 ( 0.08) 3.77 a c pK c + = + − = 盐 酸 Practice Exercise:Calculate the pH of a buffer composed of 0.12mol·dm−3 benzonic acid and 0.20mol·dm−3 sodium benzoate. For benzonic acid Ka = 6.510−5 . Answer : 4.41 Sample Exercise 4:已知 4 2 HSO K − 1.26 10− =  ,试求 0.1mol·dm−3 H2SO4 溶液的 pH。 Solution: HSO4 - H + + SO4 2− 0.1 − x x + 0.1 x 2 (0.1 ) 1.26 10 0.1 x x x −  + =  − , 2 3 x x 0.1126 1.26 10 0 − + −  = 3 x 0.0103(mol dm ) − =  , ∴ 3 [H ] 0.1103mol dm + − =  , pH = 0.957 (3) 当溶液的 H3O +或 OH-离子浓度接近 10−7 时,必须考虑水的离解。例如浓度为 10−6 mol·dm−3 的盐酸稀释 100 倍后,其溶液的 pH 值为: H2O H + + OH- x + 10−8 x x · (x + 10−8 ) = Kw = 1.010−14 2 8 14 x x 10 1.0 10 0 − − + −  = 解得 8 x 9.51 10− =  (mol·dm−3 ) ∴ 8 8 7 [H ] 1.0 10 9.51 10 1.051 10 + − − − =  +  =  (mol·dm−3 ) , pH = 6.98
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