2.3.1 2.3.1.1 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analysis 25 3.1.2 Decomposition of Organics 28 2.3.2 iquid Samples 29 2.3.2.1 Extraction/Separation and Preconcentration 29 2.3.2.2Chro Section II Methods 1: Optical Spectroscopy 37 3 Basics of Optical Spectroscopy 39 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 41 Raman Spectroscopy 43 3.4 UV/VIS Absorption and Luminescence 44 Instrumentation 48 MIR Spectrometers 4. Dispersive Spectrometers 49 4.1.2 Fourier-Transform Spectrometers 50 4.1.2.1 Detectors 53 4.1.2.2 Step-scan Operation 53 4.1.2.3 Combined technic ques 54 NIR Spectrometers 54 4.2.1 FT-NIR Spectrometers 55 4. 2.2 Scanning- Grating Spectrometers 55 4.2.3 Diode Array Spectrometers 56 4.2.4 4.2.5 LED Spectrometers 56 4.2.6 Raman Spectrometers 57 4.3.1 Raman Grating Spectrometer with Single Channel Detector 57 4.3.1.1 Detectors 59 4.3.1.2 Calibration 60 4.3.2 FT-Raman Spectrometers with Near-Infrared Excitation 61 4.3.3 Raman Grating Polychromator with Multichannel Detector 61 4.4 UV/VIS Spectrometers 63 4.4.1 Sources 64 4.4.2 Monochromators Detectors 64 Fluorescence Spectrometers 66 Measurement Techniques 70 Transmission Measurements 71 Reflection Measurements 73 5.2.1 External Reflection 732.3.1 Solid Samples 24 2.3.1.1 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analysis 25 2.3.1.2 Decomposition of Organics 28 2.3.2 Liquid Samples 29 2.3.2.1 Extraction/Separation and Preconcentration 29 2.3.2.2 Chromatographic Separation 31 Section II Methods 1: Optical Spectroscopy 37 3 Basics of Optical Spectroscopy 39 3.1 Absorption of Light 39 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 41 3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 43 3.4 UV/VIS Absorption and Luminescence 44 4 Instrumentation 48 4.1 MIR Spectrometers 48 4.1.1 Dispersive Spectrometers 49 4.1.2 Fourier-Transform Spectrometers 50 4.1.2.1 Detectors 53 4.1.2.2 Step-scan Operation 53 4.1.2.3 Combined Techniques 54 4.2 NIR Spectrometers 54 4.2.1 FT-NIR Spectrometers 55 4.2.2 Scanning-Grating Spectrometers 55 4.2.3 Diode Array Spectrometers 56 4.2.4 Filter Spectrometers 56 4.2.5 LED Spectrometers 56 4.2.6 AOTF Spectrometers 56 4.3 Raman Spectrometers 57 4.3.1 Raman Grating Spectrometer with Single Channel Detector 57 4.3.1.1 Detectors 59 4.3.1.2 Calibration 60 4.3.2 FT-Raman Spectrometers with Near-Infrared Excitation 61 4.3.3 Raman Grating Polychromator with Multichannel Detector 61 4.4 UV/VIS Spectrometers 63 4.4.1 Sources 64 4.4.2 Monochromators 64 4.4.3 Detectors 64 4.5 Fluorescence Spectrometers 66 5 Measurement Techniques 70 5.1 Transmission Measurements 71 5.2 Reflection Measurements 73 5.2.1 External Reflection 73 VI Contents