正德厚生臻于至善。 另一方面，中国的统治者和知识分子从战败中看 到了中国与西方列强在各个方面的差距，开展了 一场“引进西方之物，学习西方之学”的洋务运 动。在这样的背景下，中外文化交流更加频繁， 形式更加多样。 On the other hand,such defeats forced Chinese elites to view the East-West gap in greater focus and with this a push to learn from the West was set in motion.另一方面，中国的统治者和知识分子从战败中看 到了中国与西方列强在各个方面的差距，开展了 一场“引进西方之物，学习西方之学”的洋务运 动。在这样的背景下，中外文化交流更加频繁， 形式更加多样。 On the other hand, such defeats forced Chinese elites to view the East-West gap in greater focus and with this a push to learn from the West was set in motion