186 SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA Winter'95 relatives.Any of the patriarch's relatives could beat him without being taken to court,but if the laborer fought back,he could be summoned before the law,and would be punished more severely than if the fight had taken place between ordinary people.Penalties were determined by the closeness of the family rela- tionship between the one attacked and the patriarch.The author is correct when he states that,"The Qing hierarchy was part of a monarchial system modelled after the familial patriarchy."(p.265)This book should also be commended for these insights into the nature of the Qing hierarchy. Social Outcasts in the Oing Dynasty is a pioneering work which took ten years to produce.It is well reasoned and contains a wealth of historical information, which should make those scholars who adopt a simplistic approach feel uneasy. However,since outcasts are not only a historical but an international phenome- non,this book would have been improved by a comparative,cross-cultural and historical approach.A comparison between the hierarchical systems of different dynasties and outcasts in different periods could have been included.In the Qing dynasty,changes in the social status of outcasts occurred as a result of the overall socio-economical conditions and it would have been helpful if the author had devoted more attention to this point.For example,numerous records show that in the Ming dynasty many landlords in southeastern China used slave-servants in agricultural production.This was no longer true in the Qing dynasty,when slave-servants were mainly employed in domestic service. NOTES 1.Karl Marx,Capital,vol.III (Moscow:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1959),pp.773-74. 一Reviewed by Fang Xing Translated by Yang Guangjun from Zhongguo shehui kexue, 1994,no.2 Revised by Huang Jisu and Su Xuetao The Lost Opportunity? (失去的机会？) by Yang Kuisong(杨奎松) Guangxi Shifan Daxue Chubanshe,1992 It is well-known that for about a decade before the Anti-Japanese War broke out,the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)fought 1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.cn




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