Among these courts, there have been three sstate appellate courts that have denied the adoptions requested by same-gender co-parents, while six states= higher appellate courts" and at least seven states= lower trial courts have decided in favor of same-gender co-parent adoptions Colorado: In re Adoption of T K.J. and K.A. K, Children, 931 P2d 488( Colo. Ct. App. 1996) NO. 95CA0531, 95CA0532, rehearing denied(1996), cert. denied. (1997): Connecticut: In re Adoption Baby Z, 247 Conn. 474, 1999 WL 33449(1999): Wisconsin: In re Angel Lace M, et al., 184 Wis.2d 492, 516N W2d 678(1994). There also have been two trial courts in Pennsyl vania that have ruled against same-gender co-parent adoption petitions, In re Adoption of R B F and R C F, PICS Case No 98-2395(C P. Lancaster Oct. 22, 1998)Cullen, J. and In re Adoption of CC G. and Z.C.G., reported by Danielle Rodier, Another Setback for Same-Sex Parents= Rights, PENNSYLVANIA LAW WEEKLY, July 19, 1999,http://www.lawnewsnetwork.comHowever,inanotherPennsylvaniatrialcourtthejudgehas granted a same-gender co-parent adoption petition, see In re Adoption of E.O.G.& A.S.G., 14 Fiduc Rep 2d 125(Pa C P. York County Apr 28, 1994) District of Columbia: In re MM D. &B. H M, 662 A2d 837(D. C. Cir. 1995): Illinois: In re Petition of K M. and D M, 274 Ill. App. 3d 189, 653 N E2d 888, 210 Ill. Dec. 693(1995); Massach usetts Adoption of Galen, 425 Mass. 201, 680 N.E. 2d 70(1997), Adoption of Tammy, 416 Mass. 205, 619 N E 2d 315(1993), Adoption of Susan, 416 Mass. 1003, 619 N.E. 2d 323(1993): New Jersey: In re Adoption of Two Children by H NR, 285 N.J. Super. 1, 666 A 2d 553(1995); New York: Matter of Jacob, 86 N.Y. 2d 651, 636 NY S2d 716, 660 N E 2d 397(1995)(also involving Matter of Dana, which the court combined with Matter of Jacob); Vermont: Adoptions of B L.V. B. and E.L. V B, 160 Vt. 368 628A.2d1271,27ALR.5th819(1993) Because most trial-court decisions are not published, an accurate number of how many states= trial courts have granted same-gender co-parent adoptions is difficult to obtain, particularly since adoption cases in many states are confidential. According to a 1996 report by the Lambda Legal Defense Fund, courts in at least 21 states have granted same-gender co-parent adoptions. John Cloud, A Differer Fathers= Day, TIME, Dec. 29, 1997-Jan. 5, 1998, at 106 Alaska: In re A.O. L. No. 1JU-85-25-PA(Alaska 1st Jud. Dist. July 23, 1985), In re Adoption of a Minor(C), No. 1-JU-86-73 P/A (Alaska Ist Jud. Dist. Feb 6, 1987): California: In re Adoption of N.L. D, No. 18086(Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County Sep. 4, 1987), In re Adoption Petition of Achtenberg, No. AD 18490( Cal. Super Ct. San Francisco County, 1989), In re Adoption of Carol, No 18573(Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County, 1989), In re Adoption of Nancy M., No. 18744(Cal. Super Ct. San Francisco County, 1990); Emily Doskow reported being the attorney of record for more than 50 adoptions in the county courts of California in Adoption Options for Gay and Lesbian Couples: An Interiew with Emily Doskow, 20 FAM. ADVOC. 40, 44(Summer 1997; hereinafter cited as Adoption Options); Indiana: In re Adoption of Hentgen-Moore, No. 91CO1-9405-AD-009(Ind Cir. Ct. White County Mar. 24, 1995): Oregon: In re Adoption of M.M.S.A., No D8503-61930(Or Cir. Ct Multnomah County Sept 4, 1985); Pennsylvania: In re Adoption of E.O.G.& A.S.G., 14 Fiduc Rep. 2d 125(Pa. C. P. York County Apr. 28, 1994): Texas: Suzanne Bryant reported an adoption in a Texas court, Suzanne Bryant, Second Parent Adoptions: A Model Brief, 2 DUKE J GENDER L. POL=Y 233 na (Spring 1995): Washington: Interest of E. B.G. No. 87-5-00137-5(Wash. Super Ct. Thurston County Mar 29, 1989), In re Adoption of Child A and Child B, No. 88-5-00088-9(Wash. Super Ct. 1988), In re Adoption of Child No. I and Child No. 2, No 89-5-00067-7(Wash. Super. Ct. Thurston County 1989) John Stevenson reported an adoption in a Washington state court, John Steve Judge Postpones Decision on Lesbian Custody: Lawyer Argues that N C. >Public Policy= Invalidates Adoption, HERALD SUN (DURHAM, N.C. ) July 11, 1997 at CIAmong these courts, there have been three25 state appellate courts that have denied the adoptions requested by same-gender co-parents, while six states= higher appellate courts26 and at least27 seven states= lower trial courts28 have decided in favor of same-gender co-parent adoptions. 25 Colorado: In re Adoption of T.K.J. and K.A.K., Children, 931 P.2d 488 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996), NO. 95CA0531, 95CA0532, rehearing denied (1996), cert. denied, (1997); Connecticut: In re Adoption of Baby Z, 247 Conn. 474, 1999 WL 33449 (1999); Wisconsin: In re Angel Lace M., et al., 184 Wis.2d 492, 516 N.W.2d 678 (1994). There also have been two trial courts in Pennsylvania that have ruled against same-gender co-parent adoption petitions, In re Adoption of R.B.F. and R.C.F., PICS Case No. 98-2395 (C.P. Lancaster Oct. 22, 1998) Cullen, J. and In re Adoption of C.C.G. and Z.C.G., reported by Danielle Rodier, Another Setback for Same-Sex Parents= Rights, PENNSYLVANIA LAW WEEKLY, July 19, 1999, http://www.lawnewsnetwork.com However, in another Pennsylvania trial court, the judge has granted a same-gender co-parent adoption petition, see In re Adoption of E.O.G. & A.S.G., 14 Fiduc. Rep.2d 125 (Pa. C. P. York County Apr. 28, 1994). 26 District of Columbia: In re M.M.D. & B.H.M., 662 A.2d 837 (D.C. Cir.1995); Illinois: In re Petition of K.M. and D.M., 274 Ill.App.3d 189, 653 N.E.2d 888, 210 Ill. Dec. 693 (1995); Massachusetts: Adoption of Galen, 425 Mass. 201, 680 N.E.2d 70 (1997), Adoption of Tammy, 416 Mass. 205, 619 N.E.2d 315 (1993), Adoption of Susan, 416 Mass. 1003, 619 N.E.2d 323 (1993); New Jersey: In re Adoption of Two Children by H.N.R., 285 N.J. Super. 1, 666 A.2d 553 (1995); New York: Matter of Jacob, 86 N.Y.2d 651, 636 N.Y.S.2d 716, 660 N.E.2d 397 (1995) (also involving Matter of Dana, which the court combined with Matter of Jacob); Vermont: Adoptions of B.L.V.B. and E.L.V.B., 160 Vt. 368, 628 A.2d 1271, 27 A.L.R.5th 819 (1993). 27 Because most trial-court decisions are not published, an accurate number of how many states= trial courts have granted same-gender co-parent adoptions is difficult to obtain, particularly since adoption cases in many states are confidential. According to a 1996 report by the Lambda Legal Defense Fund, courts in at least 21 states have granted same-gender co-parent adoptions. John Cloud, A Different Fathers= Day, TIME, Dec. 29, 1997-Jan. 5, 1998, at 106. 28 Alaska: In re A.O.L. No. 1JU-85-25-P/A (Alaska 1st Jud. Dist. July 23, 1985), In re Adoption of a Minor (C), No. 1-JU-86-73 P/A (Alaska 1st Jud. Dist. Feb. 6, 1987); California: In re Adoption of N.L.D., No. 18086 (Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County Sep. 4, 1987), In re Adoption Petition of Achtenberg, No. AD 18490 (Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County, 1989), In re Adoption of Carol, No. 18573 (Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County, 1989), In re Adoption of Nancy M., No. 18744 (Cal. Super. Ct. San Francisco County, 1990); Emily Doskow reported being the attorney of record for more than 50 adoptions in the county courts of California in Adoption Options for Gay and Lesbian Couples: An Interview with Emily Doskow, 20 FAM. ADVOC. 40, 44 (Summer 1997; hereinafter cited as Adoption Options); Indiana: In re Adoption of Hentgen-Moore, No. 91CO1-9405-AD-009 (Ind. Cir. Ct. White County Mar. 24, 1995); Oregon: In re Adoption of M.M.S.A., No. D8503-61930 (Or. Cir. Ct. Multnomah County Sept. 4, 1985); Pennsylvania: In re Adoption of E.O.G. & A.S.G., 14 Fiduc. Rep.2d 125 (Pa. C. P. York County Apr. 28, 1994); Texas: Suzanne Bryant reported an adoption in a Texas court, Suzanne Bryant, Second Parent Adoptions: A Model Brief, 2 DUKE J. GENDER L. & POL=Y 233 n.a (Spring 1995); Washington: Interest of E.B.G. No. 87-5-00137-5 (Wash. Super. Ct. Thurston County Mar. 29, 1989), In re Adoption of Child A and Child B, No. 88-5-00088-9 (Wash. Super Ct. 1988), In re Adoption of Child No. 1 and Child No. 2, No. 89-5-00067-7 (Wash. Super. Ct. Thurston County 1989); John Stevenson reported an adoption in a Washington state court, John Stevenson, Judge Postpones Decision on Lesbian Custody: Lawyer Argues that N.C. >Public Policy= Invalidates Adoption, HERALD￾SUN (DURHAM, N.C.), July 11, 1997 at C1