xii Contents 5.Bioactivity of Marine Organisms 103 1.Introduction 103 2.Bacteria and Fungi 104 lankton 104 105 5. ctimomycre17 Actinomycetes 6.Concluding Remarks 119 References 120 6.Biosynthesis of Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Organisms 125 1.Introduction 125 2.Problems of Biosynthetic Studies 126 3.Feeding Techniques 126 4.Biosynthesis of Metabolites of Algae 127 4.1 Saxitoxin and related compounds 127 rols 131 5.Metabolites of Blue-Green Algae 132 6.Metabolites of Macro Algae 133 7.Metabolites of Marine Invertebrates 135 135 141 144 9.Biosynthesis of Arsenic-Containing Compounds 144 10.Problems of Microbial Contamination 145 11.Concluding Remarks 146 References 146 7.Bioactive Marine Toxins 151 1.Introduction 151 2.Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning 152 2.1 Transfer of toxins between organisms 153 3.Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning 168 3.1 Brevetoxins 168 xii Contents 5. Bioactivity of Marine Organisms 103 1. Introduction 103 2. Bacteria and Fungi 104 3. Phytoplanktons 104 4. Bioactivity of Marine Organisms 105 4.1 Seaweeds 105 4.2 Seaweeds of Indian coasts 105 4.3 Marine invertebrates of Indian coasts 113 4.4 Search of pharmaceutically useful compounds 117 5. Actinomycetes 118 6. Concluding Remarks 119 References 120 6. Biosynthesis of Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Organisms 125 1. Introduction 125 2. Problems of Biosynthetic Studies 126 3. Feeding Techniques 126 4. Biosynthesis of Metabolites of Algae 127 4.1 Saxitoxin and related compounds 127 4.2 Brevetoxins 129 4.3 Tetrodotoxin 130 4.4 Sterols 131 5. Metabolites of Blue-Green Algae 132 6. Metabolites of Macro Algae 133 7. Metabolites of Marine Invertebrates 135 7.1 Sponges 135 7.2 Coelenterates 141 7.3 Molluscs 142 8. Cholesterol Biosynthesis 144 9. Biosynthesis of Arsenic-Containing Compounds 144 10. Problems of Microbial Contamination 145 11. Concluding Remarks 146 References 146 7. Bioactive Marine Toxins 151 1. Introduction 151 2. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning 152 2.1 Transfer of toxins between organisms 153 2.2 Saxitoxin 153 2.3 Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins 163 2.4 Tetrodotoxin 164 3. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning 168 3.1 Brevetoxins 168