Table of Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Introduction to 3D FRP Composites 6 1.2.1 Applications of 3D Woven Composites 1.2.2 Applications of 3D Braided Composites 10 1.2.3 3D Knitted Composites 1.2.4 3D Stitched Composites 11 1.2.5 3D Z-Pinned composites 12 Chapter 2 Manufacture of 3D Fibre Preforms 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Weaving 2.2.1 Conventional Weaving 2.2.2 Multilayer or 3D Weaving 2.2.3 3D Orthogonal Non-Wovens 2.2.4 Multiaxial Weaving 2.2.5 Distance Fabrics 2.3 Braiding 2.3.1 2D Braiding 2.3.2 Four-Step 3D Braiding 2.3.3 Two-Step 3D Braiding 2.3.4 Multilayer Interlock Braiding 2.4 Knitting 2.4.1 Warp and Weft Knitting 13151922245912267 2.4.2 Three-Dimensional Shaping 2.4.3 Non-Crimp Fabrics 2.5 Stitching 2.5.1 Traditional Stitching 2.5.2 Technical Embroidery 2.5.3 Z-Pinning 005355 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Preform Consolidation 41 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Liquid Moulding Techniques 48 3.2.1 Resin Transfer Moulding 48 3.2.2 Resin Film Infusion 3.2.3 SCRIMP-based Techniques 51 3.3 Injection Equipment 3.4 Resin Selection 3.5 Preform Considerations 2467 3.6 ToolingTable of Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Introduction to 3D FRP Composites 1.2.1 Applications of 3D Woven Composites 1.2.2 Applications of 3D Braided Composites 1.2.3 3D Knitted Composites 1.2.4 3D Stitched Composites 1.2.5 3D 2-Pinned composites Chapter 2 Manufacture of 3D Fibre Preforms 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Weaving 2.2.1 Conventional Weaving 2.2.2 Multilayer or 3D Weaving 2.2.3 3D Orthogonal Non-Wovens 2.2.4 Multiaxial Weaving 2.2.5 Distance Fabrics 2.3.1 2D Braiding 2.3.2 Four-Step 3D Braiding 2.3.3 Two-step 3D Braiding 2.3.4 Multilayer Interlock Braiding 2.4.1 Warp and Weft Knitting 2.4.2 Three-Dimensional Shaping 2.4.3 Non-Crimp Fabrics 2.5.1 Traditional Stitching 2.5.2 Technical Embroidery 2.5.3 2-Pinning 2.3 Braiding 2.4 Knitting 2.5 Stitching 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Preform Consolidation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Liquid Moulding Techniques 3.2.1 Resin Transfer Moulding 3.2.2 Resin Film Infusion 3.2.3 SCRIMP-based Techniques 3.3 Injection Equipment 3.4 Resin Selection 3.5 Preform Considerations 3.6 Tooling 1 1 6 7 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 15 19 22 22 22 24 25 29 31 32 32 36 37 40 40 43 45 45 47 47 48 48 49 51 52 54 56 57