5.Fecundity 40444440044.44440044000444040444440044404040444.0444…。04444044404 227 a)Egg production.. 227 b)Sperm production 228 C）Offspring rearing.. 228 6.Genetic quality 229 7.Photoprotection...... 229 E.Measurement of Carotenoids and Colour in Ecological Studies … 229 1.Carotenoid analysis and colour measurement 229 2.Sampling range 230 3.Temporal changes in colouration 230 F.Applied Value of Carotenoid Colouration 231 1.Maintaining colouration and health in captive animals 231 2.Conservation implications of carotenoid signals.............. 231 G.Conclusions 232 References 232 Chapter 12:Carotenoids in Aquaculture:Fish and Crustaceans Bjorn Bjerkeng A.Introduction .237 B.Market Issues 239 C.Importance of Pigmentation 240 1.Colouration-ecoloical and evolutionary aspects 240 2.Salmon muscle colour ......................................................... 241 3.Embryonic development and larval growth 242 D.Sources of Dietary Carotenoids 245 E.Car0 tenoid Utilizati0n......................... 247 1.Uptake from the gastrointestinal tract 247 2.Distribution in muscle and integument 248 3.Alternative administration 249 F.Conclusion 250 References 250 xiv 5. Fecundity ……………………………………………………………….. 227 a) Egg production ……………………………………………………… 227 b) Sperm production …………………………………………………… 228 c) Offspring rearing ……………………………………………………. 228 6. Genetic quality ………………………………………………………….. 229 7. Photoprotection …………………………………………………………. 229 E. Measurement of Carotenoids and Colour in Ecological Studies ……….. 229 1. Carotenoid analysis and colour measurement ………………………….. 229 2. Sampling range …………………………………………………………. 230 3. Temporal changes in colouration ……………………………………….. 230 F. Applied Value of Carotenoid Colouration ……………………………….. 231 1. Maintaining colouration and health in captive animals ………………… 231 2. Conservation implications of carotenoid signals ……………………….. 231 G. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 232 References ……………………………………………………………………… 232 Chapter 12: Carotenoids in Aquaculture: Fish and Crustaceans Bjørn Bjerkeng A. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 237 B. Market Issues ………………………………………………………………. 239 C. Importance of Pigmentation ………………………………………………. 240 1. Colouration - ecological and evolutionary aspects ……………………... 240 2. Salmon muscle colour ………………………………………………….. 241 3. Embryonic development and larval growth ……………………………. 242 D. Sources of Dietary Carotenoids …………………………………………… 245 E. Carotenoid Utilization ……………………………………………………… 247 1. Uptake from the gastrointestinal tract …………………………………... 247 2. Distribution in muscle and integument …………………………………. 248 3. Alternative administration ………………………………………………. 249 F. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………... 250 References ……………………………………………………………………… 250