来自于合理设计的非试验性研究的证据，例如比较研究，相关 3 研究和病例报告 4 来自于专家委员会的报告、意见或是权威的临床经验的证据 表2推荐的等级(GR) 分级推荐的性质 A基于高品质的临床研究，受到一致的推荐，包括至少一个随机试验 B基于高品质的临床研究，但没有随机的临床试验的支持 缺乏直接的高品质的临床研究的支持 参考文献 1.US Department of Health and Human Services.Public Health Service.Agency for Health Care Policy and Research,19,115-127 2.TISELIUS HG.Epidemiology and medical management of stone disease[J]BJU Int,2003, 91(8):758-767 3.TISELIUS HG,ACKERMANN D.ALKEN P.et al.Guidelines on urolithiasis[].Eur Urol, 2001,40(4):362-371 4.TISELIUS HG.ACKERMANN D.ALKEN P.et al.Guidelines on Urolithiasis[J].In:EAU guidelines.EAU,06,5- 5.TISELIUS HG.Stone ineidence and prevention[J].BrazJUrol,,(5):452-462 6.LITWIN MS,SAIGAL CS,YANO EM,et al.Urologic diseases in America Project:analytical methods and principal findings[JUrol,2005,173(3):933-937 7.FAERBERGJ.Pediatrie urolithiasis[J].CurrOpin Urol.2001.11(4):385-38 8.GAMBARO G,REIS-SANTOS JM,RAO N.Nephrolithiasis:why doesn't our "learning" progress?.Eur Urol,2004,45(5):547-556 9.PARFREY PS,DAVIDSON WS,GREEN JS.Clinical and genetic epidemiology of inherited renal disease in Newfoundland[J].Kidney Int,2002,61(6):1925-1934 10.孙伟桂，丁智仁，张峻，等.广西地区尿石症患者年龄分布曲线特征及临床意义).中 华泌尿外科杂志，2001,22(2)：100-102 4 4 3 来自于合理设计的非试验性研究的证据，例如比较研究，相关 研究和病例报告 4 来自于专家委员会的报告、意见或是权威的临床经验的证据 表2 推荐的等级 (GR) 分级 推荐的性质 A 基于高品质的临床研究，受到一致的推荐，包括至少一个随机试验 B 基于高品质的临床研究，但没有随机的临床试验的支持 C 缺乏直接的高品质的临床研究的支持 参考文献 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1992, 115-127 2. TISELIUS HG. Epidemiology and medical management of stone disease[J]. BJU Int, 2003, 91(8): 758-767 3. TISELIUS HG, ACKERMANN D, ALKEN P, et al. Guidelines on urolithiasis[J]. Eur Urol, 2001, 40(4): 362-371 4. TISELIUS HG, ACKERMANN D, ALKEN P, et al. Guidelines on Urolithiasis[J]. In: EAU guidelines. EAU, 2006, 5-6 5. TISELIUS HG. Stone incidence and prevention[J]. Braz J Urol, 2000, 26(5): 452-462 6. LITWIN MS, SAIGAL CS, YANO EM, et al. Urologic diseases in America Project: analytical methods and principal findings[J]. J Urol, 2005, 173(3): 933-937 7. FAERBER GJ. Pediatric urolithiasis[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2001, 11(4): 385-389 8. GAMBARO G, REIS-SANTOS JM, RAO N. Nephrolithiasis: why doesn’t our “learning” progress? [J]. Eur Urol, 2004, 45(5): 547-556 9. PARFREY PS, DAVIDSON WS, GREEN JS. Clinical and genetic epidemiology of inherited renal disease in Newfoundland[J]. Kidney Int, 2002, 61(6): 1925-1934 10. 孙伟桂，丁智仁，张峻，等．广西地区尿石症患者年龄分布曲线特征及临床意义[J]．中 华泌尿外科杂志，2001，22(2)：100-102