Contents The Hypothalamus Marc E. Freeman, David R Grattan and Thomas A Houpt The Cerebral Cortex 359 Michael W. Miller and Brent A. Vogt CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMENTIA AND ABNORMALITIES OF COGNITION Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The Limbic s 379 Thomas van Groen, Inga Kadish Lawrence Ver Hoef and J. Michael Wyss CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Lawrence Ver Hoef, Inga Kadish, Gregory Cooper and Thomas van Groen The Basal Ganglia Irene Martinez-Torres, Stephen Tisch, and Patricia Limousin CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 415 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The Thalamus 19 Roland smith Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force 443 Charles/. Heckman and William Z Rymer Chemical Messenger Systems 479 Robert d. grubbs CLINICAL CORRELATION: PARKINSON'S DISEASE 508 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. rodnitzky 21. Pain 513 Mary M. Heinricher CLINICAL CORRELATION: PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO NERVES 526 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky CLINICAL CORRELATION PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY 528 Gregory Cooper Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 531 /. Fielding Hejtmancik, Edmond j. Fitz Gibbon and Rafael C. Caruso CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY 572 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky Audition 575 Tom C.T. Yin The Vestibular Syster A. Tucker Gleason The Gustatory System 601 Steven). St. John and John D. Boughter /r. The Olfactory System 6l1 Michael T Shipley, Matthew Ennis and Adam C. Puche Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness Robert w. McCarle CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF SLEEP Gregory Cooper and Gerald Eichhorn14. The Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Marc E. Freeman, David R. Grattan and Thomas A. Houpt 15. The Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Michael W. Miller and Brent A. Vogt CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMENTIA AND ABNORMALITIES OF COGNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 16. The Limbic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Thomas van Groen, Inga Kadish, Lawrence Ver Hoef and J. Michael Wyss CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Lawrence Ver Hoef, Inga Kadish, Gregory Cooper and Thomas van Groen 17. The Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Irene Martinez-Torres, Stephen Tisch, and Patricia Limousin CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 18. The Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Yoland Smith 19. Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Charles J. Heckman and William Z. Rymer 20. Chemical Messenger Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Robert D. Grubbs CLINICAL CORRELATION: PARKINSON’S DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 21. Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Mary M. Heinricher CLINICAL CORRELATION: PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO NERVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky CLINICAL CORRELATION: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 22. Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 J. Fielding Hejtmancik, Edmond J. FitzGibbon and Rafael C. Caruso CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 23. Audition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Tom C.T. Yin 24. The Vestibular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 A. Tucker Gleason 25. The Gustatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Steven J. St. John and John D. Boughter Jr. 26. The Olfactory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Michael T. Shipley, Matthew Ennis and Adam C. Puche 27. Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Robert W. McCarley CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF SLEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Gregory Cooper and Gerald Eichhorn viii Contents