Smart Cities:Definitions,Dimensions,Performance,and Initiatives 11 Table 2:Components of a smart city and related aspects(adapted from Lombardi etal.,2012) Components of a smart city Related aspect of urban life smart economy Industry smart people education smart governance e-democracy smart mobility logistics infrastructures smart environment efficiency sustainability smart living security quality Lombardi et al.(2012)have associated the six components with different aspects of urban life,as shown in Table 2.The smart economy has been associated with the presence of industries in the field of ICT or employing ICT in production processes.Smart mobility refers to the use of ICT in modern transport technol- 1太1ST ogies to improve urban traffic.Aspects referring to the preservation of the natural environment in cities are extensively covered in Giffinger et al.(2007), and Albino and Dangelico(2012). 6:10 According to Nam and Pardo(2011),the key components of a smart city are the technology,the people (creativity,diversity,and education),and the insti- tutions(governance and policy).Connections exist between these last two com- ponents,so that a city is really smart when investments in human and social capital,together with ICT infrastructures,fuel sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life.Although the point of view of this paper is to go beyond the simple identification of a smart city with the dense presence of ICT,these are surely a key element as they transform life and work.A smart city surely provides uoloelf eyueyS] some sort of interoperable and Internet-based government services that enable ubiquitous connectivity and transform key government processes towards citi- zens and businesses(Al-Hader et al.,2009).However,smart cities must integrate technologies,systems,services,and capabilities into an organic network that is sufficiently multi-sectorial and flexible for future developments,and moreover, open-access.This means that ICT must be a facilitator for creating a new type of 入Ko communicative environment,which requires the comprehensive and balanced development of creative skills,innovation-oriented institutions,broadband net- works,and virtual collaborative spaces(Komninos,2011).Paskaleva(2011)exten- sively discussed the topics of open innovation,and user engagement,and the risk that a strong corporate-based approach to creating smart cities may pose risks for the independence of governments. Smarter cities start from the human capital side,rather than blindly believing that ICT can automatically create a smart city (Shapiro,2006,Holland,2008). Approaches towards education and leadership in a smart city should offer environments for an entrepreneurship accessible to all citizens.The smart govern- ance instead of being elective,needs ridding of barriers related to language, culture,education,and disabilities.The smart people factor comprises various aspects,like affinity to lifelong learning,social and ethnic plurality,flexibility, creativity,cosmopolitanism,open-mindedness,and participation in public life (Nam and Pardo,2011).Also problems associated with urban agglomerations can be solved by creativity,human capital,and cooperation among relevant stake- holders(Baron,2012).Therefore,the label "smart city"should refer to the capacity of clever people to generate clever solutions to urban problems.Lombardi et al. (2012) have associated the six components with different aspects of urban life, as shown in Table 2. The smart economy has been associated with the presence of industries in the field of ICT or employing ICT in production processes. Smart mobility refers to the use of ICT in modern transport technol￾ogies to improve urban traffic. Aspects referring to the preservation of the natural environment in cities are extensively covered in Giffinger et al. (2007), and Albino and Dangelico (2012). According to Nam and Pardo (2011), the key components of a smart city are the technology, the people (creativity, diversity, and education), and the insti￾tutions (governance and policy). Connections exist between these last two com￾ponents, so that a city is really smart when investments in human and social capital, together with ICT infrastructures, fuel sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life. Although the point of view of this paper is to go beyond the simple identification of a smart city with the dense presence of ICT, these are surely a key element as they transform life and work. A smart city surely provides some sort of interoperable and Internet-based government services that enable ubiquitous connectivity and transform key government processes towards citi￾zens and businesses (Al-Hader et al., 2009). However, smart cities must integrate technologies, systems, services, and capabilities into an organic network that is sufficiently multi-sectorial and flexible for future developments, and moreover, open-access. This means that ICT must be a facilitator for creating a new type of communicative environment, which requires the comprehensive and balanced development of creative skills, innovation-oriented institutions, broadband net￾works, and virtual collaborative spaces (Komninos, 2011). Paskaleva (2011) exten￾sively discussed the topics of open innovation, and user engagement, and the risk that a strong corporate-based approach to creating smart cities may pose risks for the independence of governments. Smarter cities start from the human capital side, rather than blindly believing that ICT can automatically create a smart city (Shapiro, 2006, Holland, 2008). Approaches towards education and leadership in a smart city should offer environments for an entrepreneurship accessible to all citizens. The smart govern￾ance instead of being elective, needs ridding of barriers related to language, culture, education, and disabilities. The smart people factor comprises various aspects, like affinity to lifelong learning, social and ethnic plurality, flexibility, creativity, cosmopolitanism, open-mindedness, and participation in public life (Nam and Pardo, 2011). Also problems associated with urban agglomerations can be solved by creativity, human capital, and cooperation among relevant stake￾holders (Baron, 2012). Therefore, the label “smart city” should refer to the capacity of clever people to generate clever solutions to urban problems. Table 2: Components of a smart city and related aspects (adapted from Lombardi et al., 2012) Components of a smart city Related aspect of urban life smart economy smart people smart governance smart mobility smart environment smart living Industry education e-democracy logistics & infrastructures efficiency & sustainability security & quality Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives 11 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 01:47 22 August 2017